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403 ew c¡−N 27 ¢Xw, 409 ew c¡−N 18 ¢Xw ®j¡V 45 ¢Xw fСç qe Hhw −j¡q¡Çjc ¢ju¡ ¢p|Hp| 403 ew c¡−N 07 ¢Xw Hhw Afl¡fl ®he¡¢mn£ pÇf¢š fСç qez −j¡q¡Çjc ¢ju¡ jªa¥ÉhlZ Ll−m p¤S¡ ¢ju¡ Hhw j¤S¡ ¢ju¡ e¡−j 02 f¤œ Hhw e¤l h¡e¤ J BnСh ¢hu¡−L c¤C LeÉ¡ Ju¡¢ln ®l−M k¡ez p¤S¡ ¢ju¡ Nw ï¡a¡ i¢NÀN−Zl j−dÉ B−f¡o h¾V−e p¤S¡ ¢ju¡ J j¤S¡ ¢ju¡ (c¤C ï¡a¡) ¢p|Hp| 403 c¡−N 07 ¢Xw i¨¢j fСç qe z flh¢aÑ−a j¤S¡ ¢ju¡ jªa¥ÉL¡−m f¤œ p¡q¡hE¢Ÿe−L HLj¡œ Ju¡¢ln ®l−M k¡e z p¤S¡ ¢ju¡ J j¤S¡ ¢ju¡ a¡−cl j¡¢mL£ cMm£u e¡¢mn£ 403 c¡−Nl 07 ¢Xw i¨¢j−a j¡¢mL cMmL¡l b¡L¡hÙÛ¡u pÇf§ZÑ i§¢j 09-10- 96 Cw a¡¢l−M pÇf¡¢ca J 14-10-96 Cw a¡¢l−M ®l¢S¢ØVÌL«a 5588 ew HJu¡S c¢mm j§−m 1ew ¢hh¡c£l p¡−b HJu¡S hcm L−lez Hi¡−h 1ew ¢hh¡c£ e¡¢mn£ 403 ew c¡−Nl 07 ¢Xw i¨¢j−a j¡¢mL cMmL¡l b¡L¡hÙÛ¡u ®pM¡−e j¡¢V il¡V œ²−j ¢i¢V i¨¢j−a l¦f¡¿¹¢la L−l Eš² i¨¢j−a hpa h¡s£ ¢ejÑ¡e L−l f¢lh¡l f¢lSe ¢e−u Hm¡L¡l phÑp¡d¡l−Zl AhN¢a J ®cM¡ j−a h¡u¡ flÇfl¡u a¡j¡c£ J cl a¡j¡c£l EÜÑL¡m k¡ha ®i¡NcMm L−l Bp−Rez Eš² i ¢¥ j−a HC ¢hh¡c£ 22¬11 g¥V f¢lj¡−fl 01 ¢V ®c¡Q¡m¡ ¢V−el b¡L¡l Ol, 18¬6 g¥V f¢lj¡−fl HL¢V l¡æ¡ Ol J HL¢V HLQ¡m¡ ¢V−el m¡L¢sl Ol fÐÙ¹¤a L−l−Rz

(O)    h¡c£l ¢fa¡ ¢R¢ŸL¥l lqj¡e e¡¢mn£ S¢jl cMm pwœ²¡−¿¹ −g±Sc¡l£ L¡kÑ¢h¢dl 145 d¡l¡l ®j¡LŸj¡ c¡−ul Ll−m a¡ M¡¢lS qu Hhw flh¢aÑ−a ¢l¢ine ®j¡LŸj¡ c¡−ul Ll−m a¡J M¡¢lS qu z

(P)   HR¡s¡J 1ew ¢hh¡c£ 407 ew M¢au¡−el i¥¢j A¡¾c−l M¢lc p§−œ ¢fa¡

Rgl Bm£ q−a 22 21 ¢Xw, ï¡a¡ Bhc¤m Sî¡l q−a 13 ¢Xw, ï¡a¡

Bhc¤m j¡−mL q−a 0321 ¢Xw, j¡a¡ ¯Sae ¢h¢h q−a 30 ¢Xw, Bh¤m

14

®q¡−pe Nw q−a 04 ¢Xw, ¢R¢ŸL¥l lqj¡e q−a 16 ¢Xw J p¤S¡ ¢ju¡ q−a

14

HJu¡S p§−œ e¡¢mn£ 07 ¢Xw i¨¢j pq ®j¡V 8016 ¢Xw i¨¢j Hhw 1ew

¢hh¡c£l LeÉ¡ ®gl−c±p Bl¡ M¢lc p§−œ 011106 ¢Xw i¨¢j pq ®j¡V 8221

¢Xw i¨¢j−a j¡¢mL cMm b¡L¡hÙÛ¡u 1ew ¢hh¡c£ ljS¡e Bm£ J ¢R¢ŸL¥l lqj¡−el ¢eLV 05 ¢Xw i¨¢j qÙ¹¡¿¹l L−lez Ef−l¡J²i¡−h 1ew ¢ h¡c£ J

1

av LeÉ¡ ®gl−c±p Bl¡ qÙ¹¡¿¹lh¡c h¡L£ 772 ¢Xw i¨¢j−a ¢Q¢q²a j−a

j¡¢mL cMmL¡l B−R Hhw Eš²l¦fi¡−h 1ew ¢hh¡c£l e¡−j ¢h|Hp| S¢l−f 537 ew ¢h|¢f| M¢au¡e fÐQ¡¢la q−u−Rz

(Q)   HC ¢hh¡c£ B−l¡ E−õM L−le ®k, e¡¢mn£ M¢au¡−el i ¢¨ j h¡L£ L−ll

c¡−u ¢em¡j qJu¡l E¢š² ¢jbÉ¡ J h¡−e¡u¡Vz e¡¢mn£ 460 ew M¢au¡−el l¡uaN−Zl a¡m¤Lc¡l 458 ew M¢au¡−el j¡¢mL E−jc l¡S¡ ¢u¡ J

Ejl¡m£ iy§U¡ Nw Hhw gSÑ Bm£ Nw LMeC ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡l Ad£−e fÐS¡ ¢R−me e¡ z ab¡¢f gSÑ Bm£ Nw−ul p¡−b ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡ Nw−ul fÐS¡ J a¡m¤Lc¡l pÇfLÑ ¢Rm e¡ Hhw M¡Se¡ ®cJu¡ J ®eJu¡l ®L¡e L¡lZ ¢hcÉj¡e ¢Rm e¡z gSÑ Bm£ ¢R−me E−jcl¡S¡ Nw−ul l¡ua Hhw a¡−cl ¢eLV M¡Se¡ Bc¡u Llaz ab¡¢f ¢em¡j j§−m ¢X¢œ²c¡l J ¢h¢fe

¢hq¡l£ jS¤jc¡−ll ¢em¡j M¢lc LlZ Hhw e¡¢mn£ ¢p|Hp| 403 c¡−N 36

¢Xw J ¢p,Hp, 409 c¡−N 18 ¢Xw pq 54 ¢Xw i¨¢j 17-01-1939 Cw a¡¢l−Ml ®l¢S¢ØVÌL«a 226 ew Lh¤¢mua j§−m h¡c£l c¡c¡ e¡h¡mL ¢ju¡−L h−¾c¡hÙ¹ fÐc¡e Ll¡l OVe¡ ¢jbÉ¡ J h¡−e¡u¡Vz HR¡s¡J h c£l h¢ZÑa cMm J ®hcM−ml OVe¡ ¢jbÉ¡ J h¡−e¡u¡V z Ef−l¡š² AhÙÛ¡u HC ¢hh¡c£ j¡jm¡¢V M¡¢l−Sl fСbÑe¡ L−lez

2.3  Ef¢lEš² B¢SÑ Hhw ¢m¢Ma heÑe¡l f¢l−fТr−a j ¢eÀ Bc¡ma ¢ejÀh¢ZÑa ¢hQ¡kÑ ¢hou d¡kÑÉ L−lex

(i)  h¡c£l j¡jm¡ haÑj¡e BL¡−l Q−m ¢Le¡z

(ii)           h¡c£l j¡jm¡ fr ®c¡−o AQm ¢Le¡z

(iii)        h¡c£l j¡jm¡ a¡j¡c£−a h¡¢la ¢Le¡z

(iv)         e¡¢mn£ pÇf¢š−a h¡c£l üaÅ B−R ¢Le¡z

(v) h¡c£l fС¢bÑa j−a fТaL¡l −f−a f¡−l ¢Le¡z

2.4   Aaxfl ¢ejÀ Bc¡ma frNZ−L fkÑ¡ç öe¡¢e fËc¡e, ¡r pÉ NËqZ Hhw j¡jm¡l pjbÑ−e ¢h¢iæ L¡NSfœ p¡rÉ ¢q−p−h NËqZ L−l h¡c£l fÐcš c¡¢m¢mL p¡rÉ…−m¡−L fÐcnÑe£ L, M, N .... CaÉ¡¢c j−jÑ ¢Q¢q²a L−le Hhw hh¡c£ fÐcš c¡¢m¢mL p¡rÉpj§q−L fÐcnÑe£ 1, 2, 3.... CaÉ¡¢c j−jÑ ¢Q¢q²a L lez Hi¡−h

fr N−Zl ¢h‘ BCeS£h£N−Zl hš²hÉ öe¡e£ f§hÑL Bc¡ma a¢LÑa l¡u J

¢X¢œ²l j¡dÉ−j j¡jm¡¢V h¡c£l f−r ¢X¢œ² fÐc¡ef§hÑL e¡¢mn£ i ¢¨ j−a h¡c£l paÅ −O¡oZ¡ J cMm p¡hÉÙ¹ L−le Hhw ¢hh¡c£ La«ÑL h¡c£l h¢ZÑa j−a ®hcMm fÐj¡e q−u−R h−m ¢edÑ¡lZ L−le J ®pC j−jÑ e¡¢mn£ i¨¢j−a h¡c£l üaÅ ®O¡oe¡ f§hÑL ¢hh¡c£l cMm E−µR−cl ¢X¢œ² fÐc¡e L−lezEš² l¡u J ¢X¢H²l à¡l¡ pwr¥ì q−u

1 ew ¢hh¡c£ Aœ Bf£m¢V Be¡ue L−l−Rez

3. ®j±¢ML hš²hÉx

        Bf£m öe¡e£ L¡−m ¢h‘ BCeS£h£NZ Bf£mL¡l£ Hhw fË¢ah¡c£ f−r

®j±¢MLi¡−h ¢h¢iæ k¤¢š² aLÑ EfÙÛ¡fe L−le, k¡l pw¢rç ¢hhlZ ¢e−jÀ ®cJu¡ q−m¡x

3.1    Bf£mL¡l£ f−rl ¢h‘ BCeS£h£ nË£ où£ plL¡®ll hš²−hÉl ü¡lpw−rf ¢ejÀl¦fx 

(L)   fÐb−jC ¢a¢e ¢p|Hp| M¢au¡e ew 558 Hl NËqZ−k¡NÉa¡ ¢e−u fÐnÀ ®a¡−me Hhw h−me ®k H¢V ®k−qa¥ ¢hQ¡¢lL Bc¡m−a exhibited h¡ fËc¢nÑa qu¢e ab¡ fÐcnÑe£ e¡ð¡l f−s¢e, H¢V ®L¡−e¡ i¡−hC NËqZ−k¡N¢ ÉR m e¡ Hhw ¢ejÀ Bc¡ma H¢V NÊqZ L−l ̶ ab¡ H¢Vl Efl ¢eiÑl L−l L¢ba ¢em¡−jl hš²hÉ fÐj¡¢Za q−u−R hm¡u h¡ a¡ ¢hnÄ¡p Ll¡u ay¡l l¡u i¤m l¡u ¢qp¡−h fkÑh¢na q−u−Rz H fËpw−N ¢a¢e ¢p¢im l¦mpÚ Hä AXÑ¡l i¢mEj-1 Hl Ef-¢h¢d 407 E−õM L−le Hhw h−me ®k, ®k−qa¥ ¢p|Hp| 558 M¢au¡e¢V fÐcnÑe£ BL¡−l Nªq£a qu¢e, ®p−qa¥ H¢V Bj−m ®eJu¡ E¢Qa qu¢e ab¡ H¢V dÄwp L−l ®gm¡l Lb¡ ¢Rmz

(M) j¡jm¡l h¡c£fr L¢ba Ll j¡jm¡u ¢X¢œ² Hhw ¢X¢œ² S¡l£ j −§ m hue¡j¡ J cMme¡j¡ fСç qJu¡ Hhw I cMme¡j¡l f¢l−fТr−a h¡c£l Ešlp¤l£ e¡h¡mL ¢ju¡ hl¡h−l Lh¤¢mua ®cu¡ ®L¡−e¡¢VC fÐj¡e Ll−a f¡−l¢ez a¡lf−lJ ¢ejÀ Bc¡ma i¥m abÉ J Rme¡l hnhaÑ£ q−u Eš² ¢em¡j, hue¡j¡, cMme¡j¡ CaÉ¡¢c ¢hnÄ¡p L−l h¡c£l Ešlp¤¢ll f−r Lh¤¢muae¡j¡ j§−m h−¾c¡h¢Ù¹ f¡Ju¡l Lb¡ fÐj¡¢ea q−u−R j−jÑ ¢pÜ¡¿¹ Nª¢qa qJu¡u l¡u¢V h¡¢am−k¡NÉ z

(N) L¢ba hue¡j¡ −L¡ei¡−hC HL¢V ü®aÅl c¢mm q−a f¡−l e¡z a¡C öd¤j¡œ hue¡j¡ Hhw cMme¡j¡l Efl ¢i¢š L−l h¡c£l üaÅ fÐj¡¢ea q−u−R j−jÑ ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ Ef¢ea qJu¡u ¢ejÀ Bc¡m−al l¡u¢V i¥m, ®hBCe£ Hhw h¡¢am ®k¡NÉ z

(O)  L¢ba hue¡j¡ J cMme¡j¡l p¢q jýl£ eLm, kb¡œ²−j fÐcn eÑ £-2 J fÐcnÑe£- 3, p¡rÉ BC−el 65 d¡l¡ j−a fÐj¡¢ea e¡ qJu¡u a¡ NËqe−k¡NÉ ¢Rm e¡ Hhw Bc¡ma a¡ NËqZ L−l p¡rÉ ¢q−p−h ¢h−hQe¡ L−l l¡u ®cJu¡u Eš² l¡u œ¦¢Vf§ZÑ Hhw h¡¢am−k¡NÉz

(P)   e¡¢mn£ pÇf¢š−a h¡c£l L¢ba cMm Hhw ¢hh¡c£ La«ÑL h¡c£l ®hcMm qJu¡ ®L¡ei¡−hC fÐj¡¢ea e¡ qJu¡u cMm-®hcMm pwœ²¡¿¹ ¢ho−u ¢ejÀ Bc¡m al fkÑ−hre Hhw ¢pÜ¡¿¹ pÇf§ZÑ i¤m Hhw h¡¢am−k¡NÉz

(Q)  ¢p|Hp| M¢au¡e 460 (fÐcnÑe£ 1) j−a ®L¡−e¡i¡−hC ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡ Nw Ef¢l¢ÙÛa j¡¢mL ¢R−me e¡, hlw’ Ef¢lÙÛa j¡¢mL ¢R®me ¢iæ hÉ¢š²z a¡C 460 ew ¢p|Hp| M¢au¡®el i§¢jl f¢l−fТr−a Ll j¡jm¡u ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡ Nw−cl f−r ¢X¢œ² qJu¡, ¢X¢œ² S¡¢l qJu¡ Hhw Eš² ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡ Nw−cl f−r E¢Lm ¢hf£e ¢hq¡l£ ¢em¡j œ²u Ll¡ CaÉ¡¢c OVe¡ ®L¡−e¡i¡−hC Efk¤š² c¡¢m¢mL p¡rÉ Hhw ®j±¢ML p¡rÉ à¡l¡ fËj¡e qJu¡ ®L¡−e¡ i¡−hC pñh ¢Rm e¡z ®k−qa¥ 460 ew M¢au¡−el Ef¢l¢Øqa j¡¢mL ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡ Nw ¢R−me e¡ ®p−qa¥ a ¡y −cl f−r ¢em¡j ¢h¢œ² qJu¡ pÇf§ZÑ Ah¡Ù¹h OVe¡ j¡œ z

3.2    Ef¢lEš² hš²−hÉl ®fТr−a h¡c£ ab¡ Aœ Bf£−ml fË¢ah¡c£ f−rl ¢h‘ BCeS£h£ Se¡h Bh¤m L¡m¡j ®Q±d¤l£l hš²−hÉl p¡l-pw−rf ¢ejÀl¦fx

(1)  ¢p|Hp| M¢au¡e ew 458 Hl p¢q jýl£ eLm ¢f|X¢hÔE-1 Hl j¡dÉ−j ¢lLm f§hÑL ¢hQ¡¢lL Bc¡m−a c¡¢Mm Ll¡ q−u¢Rm Hhw ®L¡−e¡ lL−jl Bf¢š hÉa£a fÐj¡¢ea q−u¢Rmz ¢L¿º ¢ejÀ Bc¡ma i¥mhnax ®pC ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡e¢V−L fÐcnÑe£ e¡ð¡l ®cu¢ez a¡C Bf£m Bc¡ma ¢q−p−h HC

Bc¡ma LaѪL Eš² c¡¢m¢mL fÐj¡e¢V fÐcnÑe£ e¡ð¡l fÐc¡e f§hÑL NËqZ Ll¡ E¢Qaz

(2)  Eš² ¢p|Hp| M¢au¡e ew 458, k¡ ¢ejÀ Bc¡m®al e¢b−a p¡¢jm B−R j−jÑ ü£L«ai¡−h −cM¡−e¡ q−u−R, a¡ fÐcnÑef§hÑL ¢a¢e ®cM¡−a p−Qø q−u−Re ®k, ¢p| Hp| 460 ew M¢au¡−el pÇf¢šl Ef¢l¢ÙÛa j¡¢mL ¢R−me ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡ Nw Hhw HC j−jÑ ¢a¢e ¢p|Hp| M¢au¡e ew 458 Hhw 460 f¡n¡f¡¢n  a¥me¡j§mLi¡−h  Bc¡m−al  pÇj¤−M  EfØq¡fe  L−l  ®cM¡−e¡l ®Qø¡ L−l−Re −k, ¢p| Hp| M¢au¡e ew 460 H h¢ZÑa ‘L’, ‘M’ Hhw ‘N’ N˦−fl j¡¢mLN−Zl Ef¢l¢ÙÛa j¡¢mL ¢R−me ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡ Nwz a¡C ay¡l j−a ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡ Nw f−r Ll j¡jm¡ l¦S¤ qJu¡, a¡−a ¢X¢œ² qJu¡, ¢em¡j j§−m hue¡j¡ qJu¡ Hhw cMme¡j¡ qJu¡l OVe¡ A¢hnÄ¡p Ll¡l ®L¡−e¡ L¡lZ ¢hQ¡¢lL Bc¡m−al ¢Rm e¡ h−mC Bc¡ma a¡ ¢hnÄ¡p L−l h¡c£l j¡jm¡ fÐj¡¢ea q−u−R j−jÑ ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ Efe£a q−u−Rez 

(3)  ¢h¢iæ Lh¤¢muae¡j¡ Hhw qÙ¹¡¿¹l c¢mm, k¡ ¢ejÀ Bc¡m−al pÇj¤−M p¡rÉ ¢q−p−h Nª¢qa q−u−R Hhw fÐcnÑe£ e¡ð¡l f−s−R, a¡ −c¢M−u Se¡h ®Q±d¤l£ hm−a p−Qø q−u−Re ®k, Ef−l¡J² c¢mm pj§−ql j¡dÉ−j ¢hh¡c£ fr ab¡ a¡−cl f§hÑp§l£NZ ¢h¢iæ pÇf¢šl j¡¢mL q−u−Re Hhw I pjÙ¹ c¢mm J Lh¤¢muae¡j¡u a¡l¡ h¡c£l L¢ba ¢em¡−jl Lb¡ ü£L¡l L−l ¢e−u−Rez ®p−qa¥ fТaࢾcÄa¡L¡l£ ¢hh¡c£ ab¡ Aœ Bc¡m−al pÇj¤−MB f£mL¡l£ p¡rÉ BC−el 115 d¡l¡ Ae¤k¡u£ H®ØV¡−fm (Estoppel) e£¢a à¡l¡ h¡¢la j−jÑ fÐa£uj¡e qJu¡ E¢Qa ÚHhw a¡l¡ ®L¡−e¡i¡−hC h¢ZÑa ®¡L jŸj¡u Hhw Aœ Bf£−m ¢em¡j qu¢e j−jÑ hš²hÉ ¢c−a BCea f¡−le e¡z

(4)    h¡c£fr ®k−qa¥ Evidance Act Hl 65 d¡l¡ Ae¤k¡u£ hue¡j¡ Hhw cMme¡j¡l p¡¢VÑg¡CV L¢f (fÐcnÑe£-2 Hhw fÐcnÑe£-3) Hhw ®l¾V p¤ÉV −l¢SØVÌ¡−ll p¡¢VÑg¡CV L¢f (fÐcnÑe£-4) à¡l¡ L¢ba ®l¾V p¤É®Vl A¢Ù¹aÅ fÐj¡e Ll−a prj q−u−Re Hhw ®k−qa¥ ¢hh¡c£ Eš² j¡jm¡u Eš² ¢em¡j pÇf−LÑ ®aje ®L¡−e¡ p−¾cq pª¢ø Ll−a f¡−l¢e, ®p−qa¥ ¢ejÀ Bc¡m p WL ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ Efe£a q−u h¡c£l f−r a¢LÑa pÇf¢šl üaÅ ®O¡oZJ ¡ cMm EÜ¡−ll l¡u J ¢X¢œ² fÐc¡e L−l−Rez p¤al¡w Aœ Bf£m Bc¡m−al pÇj¤−M

EJ² l¡u J ¢X¢œ²−a qÙ¹−rf Ll¡l ®L¡e ¯hd Hhw BCea L¡lZ ¢hcÉj¡e

e¡Cz

(5)    Bf£mL¡l£ ¢hh¡c£l c¡¢MmL«a ¢m¢Ma Sh¡h fÐcnÑe L−l Se¡h ®Q±d¤l£ ®cM¡e ®k, ¢hh¡c£ ¢e−SC Ef¢l¢ÙÛa ¢p|Hp| M¢au¡e 458 ü£L¡l L−l ¢e−u−Rez a¡C Evidence Act Hl 58 d¡l¡ Ae¤k¡u£ Eš² ¢p|Hp| 458 M¢au¡e¢V Hj¢e−aC fÐj¡¢ea q−u−R h−m NZÉ q−hz gmnЦ¢aa − ¢ejÀ Bc¡ma Eš² ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡®el Efl ¢eiÑl L−l ¢p|Hp| 460 ew

M¢au¡e pÇf−LÑ ab¡ ¢p|Hp| 460 ew M¢au¡−el i¨¢j ¢em¡j qJu¡ pÇf−LÑ

®k ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ Efe£a q−u−Re a¡ qÙ¹−rf Ll¡l ®L¡−e¡ °hd Hhw BCea

L¡lZ ¢hcÉj¡e e¡Cz

(6)  ¢p¢im l¦mp Hä AXÑ¡l Hl Ef-¢h¢d 407 pÇf−LÑ Se¡h ®Q±d¤l£ h−me ®k, HC¢hd¡e¢V ®L¡−e¡i¡−hC ¢p|Hp| M¢au¡e ew 458 Hl NÊqZ−k¡NÉa¡l ¢hou pÇf¢LÑa eu, −Lee¡ ¢p| Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡e¢V p¡r£l j¡dÉ−j ®L¡−e¡ fÐL¡l JSl Bf¢š R¡s¡ Bc¡m−a c¡¢Mm Ll¡ q−u−R, öd j¤ ¡œ i¥mhnax

fÐcnÑe£ e¡ð¡l ®cu¡ qu¢ez H fÐp−‰ ¢a¢e ¢f|X¢hÔE-1 Hl ¢lLmL«a p¡rÉ Hhw ¢hh¡c£ LaѪL ®Sl¡l Awn f−s ®n¡e¡ez

4.Aœ Bc¡m−al fkÑ−hr e, ¢h−nÔoe Hhw B−cnx

   4.1| ¢h‘ BCeS£h£N−Zl Ef®l¡š² hš²−hÉl ®fТr−a p¢WL ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ Efe£a q−a

fÐb−jC ®cJu¡e£ L¡kÑÉ¢h¢dl 41 ew B−c−nl 31(L) ¢h¢d Ae¤k¡u£ ¢ejÀh¢ZÑa Points for Determination ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll¡ ®Nmx

(1)   ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡−el pCj¤ýl£ eLm¢V c¡¢m¢mL p¡rÉ ¢qp¡−h NËqe  Ll¡ Hhw fËcnÑe£ e¡ð¡l fËc¡e f§hÑL ¢eiÑl Ll¡ k¡u ¢Le¡z

(2)   L¢ba Ll j¡jm¡, hue¡j¡, cMme¡j¡ CaÉ¡¢c h¡¢c fËj¡e f§hÑL e¡¢mn£ i¨¢j−a üaÄ fËj¡−e prj q−u−R ¢Le¡z

(3)   h¡¢c e¡¢mn£ i¨¢j−a a¡l cMm Hhw L¢ba ®hcMm fËj¡e Ll−a prj q−u−R ¢Le¡z

4.2. Bj¡−cl fËb−jC ®cM−a q−h ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡e¢V Bp−m p¡rÉ ¢q−p−h Nª¢qa q−u¢Rm ¢L-e¡? ab¡ Bf£mL¡l£l ¢h‘ BCeS£h£ nË£ où£ plL¡−ll

hš²hÉ Ae¤k¡u£ ®k−qa¥ ¢p| Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡e¢V fÐcnÑe£ e¡ð¡l f−s e¡C, ®p−qa¥ −p¢V Nª¢qa c¡¢m¢mL p¡rÉ ¢q−p−h a¡−a fÐcnÑe£ e¡ð l HC Bf£m fkÑ¡−u ®cu¡ k¡u ¢L-e¡z ®cM¡ k¡u ¢hh¡c£ fr a¡l ¢m¢Ma Sh¡−hl 11 ew cg¡u ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡−el A¢Ù¹aÅ Hhw a¡®k ¢p|Hp| 460 ew M¢au¡−e Ef¢l¢Øqa M¢au¡e a¡ ü£L¡l L−l ¢e−u−Rez a−h ¢a¢e hm−a p−Qø q u−Re

®k, Eš² M¢au¡−e Ef¢l¢Øqa j¡¢mL ¢q−p−h E−jc l¡S¡ ¢ju¡ Nw−L ®cM¡−e¡ q−u−Rz p¤al¡w Bjl¡ Bf¡aa HC ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ Ef¢ea q−a f¡¢l ®k, ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡e¢V ¢p| Hp| 460 ew M¢au¡−el Ef¢l¢ÙÛa M¢au¡ez

4.3  HMe ®cM¡ k¡L ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡e¢V p¡rÉ ¢q−p−h Nª¢qa q−u¢Rm ¢L-e¡z H¢V ®cM¡ fÐ−u¡Se HC S−eÉ ®k, ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡−el ®k hZÑe¡ a¡ ¢e−u frN−Zl j−dÉ Qlj ¢h−l¡d ¢hcÉj¡ez h¡c£fr c¡h£ L−l−Re ®k, ¢p|Hp| 458

ew M¢au¡e fÐj¡e L−l ®k ¢p|Hp| 460 ew M¢au¡−el i¨¢jl Ef¢l¢ÙÛa j¡¢mL ¢R−me ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡ Nwz AeÉ¢c−L ¢hh¡c£ ab¡ Bf£mL¡l£fr c¡h L−le

®k Eš² M¢au¡e j−a ®cM¡ k¡u ¢p|Hp| 460 ew M¢au¡−el Ef¢l¢ÙÛa j¡¢mL ¢R−me E−jc l¡S¡ ¢ju¡ Nwz H fÐp−‰ h¡c£f−rl p¡r£ ¢f|X¢hÔE-1 ab¡ h¡c£ ¢e−S ¢l-Lm flh¢aÑ ®k p¡rÉ ¢c−u−Re a¡l fË¡pw¢NL Awný hý a¥−m dl¡ q−m¡x

        “paÉ e−q ®k, 15-01-94 Cw a¡¢l−Ml 3235 ew HJu¡S c¢mmj§−m Bj¡l ¢fa¡ hl¡hl Bx l¡‹¡L J Bx lJg HJu¡S c¢mm ®cu¢e h¡ flhaÑ£−a ¢fa¡ 13-10-94 Cw a¡¢l−M ®l¢S¢ØVÌL«a Lhm¡de £ j¡¢mL qu¢e h¡

i¨u¡ z

                   Eš² c¤’¢V Bj¡l pCjýl£ eLm c¡¢Mm L−l¢R z”

                    458 ew M¢au¡e c¡¢Mm z

             −Sl¡x

              Bj¡l e¡¢mn£ 458 ew M¢au¡−el j¡¢mL ¢R−me Ejl B £ i C¨ u¡ Nw z

4.4  ¢f|X¢hÔE-01 Hl Ef−l¡š² hš²hÉ ®b−L ®cM¡ k¡u ®k, ¢a¢e ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡−el p¢q jýl£ eLm Bc¡m−a c¡¢Mm L−l¢R−me Hhw Eš² M¢au¡−el

Efl ¢hh¡c£ fr a¡−L ®Sl¡ L−l¢R−mez H fÐp−‰ −cJu¡e£ L¡kÑ¢h¢dl 13 ew B−c−nl 4(1) ew ¢h¢d¢V fТZd¡e−k¡NÉ, k¡ ¢e−jÀ ýhý a¥−m dl¡ q−m¡x

     4(1) Subject to the provisons of the next following sub-

rule, there shall be endorsed on every document which has been admitted in evidence in the suit the following particulars, namely:-

a)   the number and title of the suit,

b)  the name of the person producing the document,

c)   the date on which it was produced, and

d)  a statement of its having been so admitted;

             And the endorsement shall be signed or initialled by the  

Judge.

4.5   ®cJu¡e£ L¡kÑ¢h¢dl Ef−l¡š² ¢hd¡e ®b−L fÐauj £¡e qu −k, kMeC HL¢V c¢mm HL¢V j¡jm¡u p¡rÉ ¢q−p−h Nª¢qa q−h, Eš² c¢m−ml Efl ¢LR¤ ®e¡V (endorsements) Hhw ¢Qq² ®cJu¡l ¢hd¡e l−u−Rx kb¡ Eš² c¢m−ml Efl pw¢nÔø j¡jm¡¢Vl e¡ð¡l, ®k hÉ¢š² c¢mm¢V c¡¢Mm L−l−R a¡l e¡j, ®k a¡¢l−M c¢mm¢V Bc¡m−a c¡¢Mm q−u−R Eš² a¡¢lM, H c¢mm¢V ®k p¡rÉ ¢qp¡−h Nªq£a q−u−R a¡l HL¢V hš²hÉ Hhw H pjÙ¹ abÉ p¢æ−hn L−l c¡¢m¢m p¡rÉ¢Vl Efl ¢h‘ ¢hQ¡l−Ll C¢e¢nu¡mz H R¡s¡J ¢p¢im l¦mp Hä AX¡Ñl

Hl i¢muj-1, Q¡ÃV¡l-17, ¢h¢d 6 Hl Ef¢h¢d 396 Hhw 397 Ae¤k¡u£ hÉhÙÛ¡ NÊqZ Ll−a q−hz Eš² Ef¢h¢d 396 J 397 àu ¢e−jÀ ýhý a¤−m dl¡

q−m¡x

“396. If any document included in the list is referred to in the proceedings or shown to a witness before it is tendered in evidence and formally proved, it should immediately be marked for indentification.

397. Every document “admitted in evidence” shall be detached from the list and annexed to a separate list in Form No. (J) 23, Volume II, after being immediately endorsed with the particulars stated in Or, 13, r. 4, and signed or initialled by the Judge in the manner required by that rule, and marked with an exhibit number.”

4.6  ¢p¢im l¦mp Hä AXÑ¡−ll Ef−l¡š² ¢h¢d pj§q ®b−L ®cM¡ k¡u ®k, kMe HL¢V c¢mm HLSe p¡¢r−L −lg¡l Ll¡ qu h¡ −cM¡−e¡ qu Hhw Be¤ù¡¢eLi¡−h

fÐj¡¢Za qu, Eš² c¢m−ml Efl p¡−b p¡−b HL¢V f¢l¢Q¢a ¢Qq² ¢c− qu

(“be marked for identification”) Hhw Eš² c¢mm¢V−L pw¢nÔø f−rl ¢g¢l¢Ù¹j§−m c¡¢Mm L«a c¢mm pj¤q ®b−L Bm¡c¡ L−l ¢p¢im l¦mp Hä

AX ¡Ñ −pÑl i¢mEj-2 H fÐcšFo rm No. (J) 23 j−a HL¢V ®pf¡−lV ¢m−ØV pwk¤š² Ll¡ qu k¡ −cJu¡e£ L¡kÑ¢h¢dl B−cn 13, l¦m 4 j−a He−X¡pÑX (endorsed) Hhw ¢h‘ ¢hQ¡lL à¡l¡ pw¢rçi¡−h ü¡r¢la (initialed) quz

H fÐp−‰ ¢h‘ BCeS£h£ nË£ où£ plL¡l La«ÑL E−õ¢Ma ¢p¢im l¦mp Hä

AX¡−p lÑ ¢h¢d 6, Ef¢h¢d 407 Hl ¢hd¡e−LJ fl£r¡ L−l −cM¡ q−m¡z H−a ®cM¡ H ¢hd¡e¢V−a ¢iæ ¢ho−u E−õM Ll¡ q−u−R ab¡ ®k pjÙ¹ c¢mm p¡rÉ ¢qp¡−h Nªq£a qu e¡C ®p pjÙ¹ c¢mm ¢ho−u Lle£u ¢L a¡ ¢e−u ¢hd¡e Ll¡ q−u−Rz p¤al¡w HC 407 ew Ef¢h¢dl ¢hd¡e¢V Bj¡−cl fË¢af¡cÉ ¢p|Hp| M¢au¡e ew 458 pÇf−LÑ −L¡−e¡i¡−hC fË¡p¢‰L euz B−NC E−õM Ll¡ q−u−R, ¢p|Hp| M¢au¡e ew 458 Hl A¢Ù¹aÅ ¢hh¡c£ La«ÑL ü£L a« z öd¤j¡œ Eš² M¢au¡−el jjÑ ¢e−u frà−ul j−dÉ ¢hf¢š h¡ ¢h−l¡¢da¡ l−u−Rz a¡C ¢f|X¢hÔE-

1 Hl p¡rÉ Ae¤k¡u£ ®k−qa¥ ®cM¡ k¡u ®k, ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡e¢V −L¡−e¡

dl−el Bf¢š R¡s¡ Bc¡m−a c¡¢Mm q−u−R, ®p−qa¥ H¢V c¡¢m¢mL p¡rÉ ¢q−p−h Nªq£a q−u−R h−m NZÉ Ll¡ ®Nmz Bh¡l ®k−qa¥ H¢V c¡¢m¢mL p¡rÉ ¢q−p−h Nªq£a q−u−R, ®p−qa¥ ¢p¢im l¦mp Hä AXÑ¡l Hl Q¡ÃV¡l-17, ¢h¢d 6

Hl Ad£e Ef¢h¢d 396 Hhw 397 Hl ¢hd¡e j−a H¢V−L Exhibit h¡

fÐcnÑe£ e¡ð¡l ¢c−u Vol-2 Hl Form No. (J) 23 ®a pwk š¤ ² Ll¡ E¢Qa

¢Rmz ®k−qa¥ HC L¡S¢V i¥mhnax ¢ejÀ Bc¡ma LaѪL Ll¡ qu e¡C, Aœ Bf£m Bc¡ma LaѪL H¢V−L fÐj¡¢ea c¡¢m¢mL p¡rÉ ¢q−p−h fËcnÑe£ e¡ð¡l

h¡ ¢Qq² fÐc¡e Ll¡ pj£Q£e q−h h−m j−e L¢lz a¡C HC c¡¢m¢mL p¡rÉ¢V−L fÐcnÑe£-1 Hl p¡−b “fËcnÑe£ 1/L” ¢q−p−h ¢Q¢q²a Ll¡ ®Nmz gmnЦ¢a−a H¢V ¢p¢im l¦mp Hä AX¡pÑ Hl Vol-2, Form No. (J) 23 −a AeÉ¡eÉ fËcnÑe£l p¡−b pwk¤š² Ll¡ q−m¡z

4.7  HMe ®cM¡ k¡L Eš² ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡e j−a ¢p|Hp| 460 ew M¢au¡−el Ef¢l¢ÙÛa j¡¢mL L¡l¡ ¢R−mez Eš² fÐcnÑe£-1/L ab¡ ¢p|Hp| M¢au¡e ew 458

fl£r¡−¿¹ ®cM¡ k¡u −k Ef¢l¢ÙÛa ü−aÅl O−l l¡S¡ L«o· c ¡pm¡q¡ Nw E−õM

B−R Hhw cMm O−l Jjl Bm£ i¤Uy¡, q¡uc¡l Bm£ J J−jc l¡S¡ ¢ju¡

E−õM B−R z Eš² M¢au¡e fl£r¡−¿¹ B−l¡ ®cM¡ k¡u −k, M¢au¡e¢V flh¢aÑ−a

i¡N q−u 4¢V Bm¡c¡ M¢au¡e qu, ab¡ ¢p|Hp| 459-462 ew M¢au¡ez AbÑ¡v

¢p|Hp| 460 ew M¢au¡e¢V ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡e −b−L pø ª ab¡ Hl

flh¢aaÑ M¢au¡ez HC ¢ho−u p−¾cq b¡L¡l −L¡−e¡ AhL¡n −eCz

4.8   HMe ®cM¡ k¡L, h¡c£ fr ¢hQ¡¢lL Bc¡m−a e¡¢mn£ i¨¢j pq AeÉ¡eÉ i¨¢j a¡−cl c¡¢h j−a l¡S¡ ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡ Nw Hl f−r ¢em¡j q−u−R, H OVe¡¢V fÐj¡e Ll−a ®f−l−R ¢L-e¡z ¢ejÀ Bc¡m−al e¢b ab¡ h¡c£ La«ÑL c¡¢MmL«a Nªq£a c¡¢m¢mL p¡rÉ q−a ®cM¡ k¡u ®k, ¢p|Hp| 460 ew M¢au¡e¢V h¡c£ 1ew fÐcnÑe£ Hhw ¢hh¡c£ fÐcnÑe£-L ¢q−p−h c¡¢Mm L−l−Rez H CM¢au¡e cª−ø −cM¡ k¡u ®k, k¢cJ H−a Ef¢l¢ÙÛa üaÅ ¢q−p−h J−jc l¡S¡ ¢ju¡ Nw Hhw

Jjl Bm£ i¤Uy¡ Nw Hl e¡j E−õM B−R Hhw cMmc¡l ¢q−p−h B¢SÑ Hhw ¢m¢Ma hZÑe¡u E−õ¢Ma ¢ae¢V N˦f ab¡ ‘L’, ‘M’ Hhw ‘N’ N˦f Hl cMm hm¡ B−R, H¢V ¢p|Hp| 458 ew M¢au¡−el p¡−b ¢j¢m−u fl£r¡u fË¢auj¡e

qu ®k Eš² M¢au¡−el pÇf¢šl j§m Ef¢l¢ÙÛa j¡¢mL ¢R−me m¡q¡ Nw, k¢cJ a¡ p−¾cq¡a£a i¡−h fÐj¡e Ll¡ Ha¢ce fl h¡Ù¹−h pñh euz

           haÑj¡e pj−u HLSe h¡c£l f−r H−a¡ f¤−l¡−e¡ M¢au¡e (k¡ Hp| H|

M¢au¡−elJ B−Nl M¢au¡e) ®b−L −L¡e ¢hou p−¾cq¡a£a i¡−h fËj¡e Bn¡ Ll¡ pj£Q£e euz j−e l¡M−a q−h H¢V HL¢V ®cJu¡e£ j¡jm¡ Hhw HM¡−e fÐj¡−el ØV¡ä¡XÑ q−m¡ pñ¡hÉa¡l i¡lp¡jÉ (Balance of Probability)

ab¡ HM¡−e −g±Sc¡l£ j¡jm¡l j−a¡ p−¾cq¡a£ai¡−h fÐj¡e Ll−a que¡z −p−qa¥ ih¡e£ QlZ m¡q¡ Nw ¢p|Hp| 460 M¢au¡−el pÇf¢šl j m§ Ef¢l¢Øqa j¡¢mL ¢Rm a¡ hm¡ k¡uz

4.9   HMe ®cM¡ k¡L L¢ba Ll j¡jm¡u ¢em¡−jl j¡dÉ−j ih¡e£ Qle m¡q¡l f−r ¢em¡j œ²u Hhw h¡c£l Ešlp§¢l e¡h¡mL ¢ju¡ hl¡h−l Sattlement h¡ Lh¤¢mua CaÉ¡¢c ¢hou h¡c£ fÐj¡e Ll−a prj q−u−Rz ¢em¡j fÐj¡e Ll l SeÉ h¡c£ j§ma 3 ¢V c¡¢m¢mL p¡rÉ EfÙÛ¡fe L−l−Rex (1) hue¡j¡l p¢q jýl£ eLm (fÐcnÑe£-2), (2) cMme¡j¡l p¢q jýl£ eLm (fÐcnÑe£-3), Hhw

(3)  L¢ba mÉ¡ä p¤ÉV j¡jm¡l ®l¢S¢ØVÌl p¢q jýl£ eLm (fÐcnÑe£-4)z

HR¡s¡J h¡c£ a¡m¡n£fœ (fÐcnÑe£-8) Hhw am¡n£fœ (fÐcn eÑ £-11) c¡¢Mm L−l ®c¢M−u−Re ®k, L¢ba −l¾V j¡jm¡l e¢b…−m¡ 3u ®nТZl e¢b qJu¡u a¡ C¢aj−dÉ ¢h¢d−j¡a¡−hL dÄwp Ll¡ q−u−R Hhw ®p pjÙ¹ e¢bl p¢q jýl£ eLm f¡Ju¡ HMe Bl pñh eu z ¢hQ¡¢lL Bc¡ma fÐcnÑe£-2, fÐcnÑe£-3 Hhw fÐcnÑe£-4 fkÑ−hrZ L−l ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ Efe£a q−u−Re ®k, HC p¢q jýl£ eLm…¢m 30 hRl f§−hÑ E−š¡¢ma a¡C H pjÙ¹ p¢q jýl£ eLm S¡m-S¡¢mu ¢a L−l pªø j−jÑ j−e Ll¡l ®L¡−e¡ L¡lZ b¡L−a f¡−le¡ z H fÐp−‰ p¡rÉ BC−el 65 d¡l¡¢V fТZd¡e−k¡NÉ, ®kM¡−e ¢hd¡e B−R ®k, kMe ®L¡−e¡ c¢m−ml j§m L¢f eø q−u k¡u, q¡¢l−u k¡u CaÉ¡¢c aMe ®pC c¢mm¢V p¢q jýl£ eLm ¢c−u fÐj¡Z Ll¡ k¡uz p¤a¡l¡w −k−qa¥ Ef¢l¢õ¢Ma a¡m¡n£fœ ®j¡a¡−hL (fËcnÑe£-8 J 11) −l¾V p¤É−Vl j§m e¢b dÄwp L−l ®cJu¡ q−u−R Hhw hue¡j¡, cMme¡j¡ Hhw p¤ÉV ®l¢SØVÌ¡−ll p¢q jýl£ eLmpj§q j¡jm¡ lS¤ qJu¡l 30 hRl f§−hÑ E−š¡¢ma Hhw −k−qa¥ Bj¡−cl fl£r¡−¿¹ Eš² fËcnÑe£ pj§q S¡m-S¡¢mu¡¢al j¡dÉ−j pªø h−m fÐa£uj¡e qu e¡ Hhw S¡m S¡mu¡¢al j¡− dj É p øª l−u−R j−jÑ ¢hh¡c£ fr ®L¡−e¡ dl−el p¡rÉ c¡¢Mm Ll−a f¡−l e¡C, −p−qa¥ HC ¢ae¢V fÐc¢nÑa c¢mm pj§q (fËcnÑe£-2, 3 Hhw 4) ¢hnÄ¡p e¡ Ll¡ h¡ a¡−cl Efl ¢eiÑl e¡ Ll¡l ®L¡−e¡ ®k±¢š²L L¡le Bjl¡ M¤y−S f¡¢µR e¡z −p−qa¥ Bjl¡ j−e L¢l, ¢hQ¡¢lL Bc¡ma HC ¢ae¢V Hhw B−l¡ ¢LR¤ c¢m¢mL p¡−rÉl Efl ¢i¢š L−l ¢em¡j ¢hœ²−ul ¢hou¢V ¢hnÄ¡p L−le Hhw fÐj¡¢ea qJu¡ j−jÑ −k ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e−u−Re a¡ qÙ¹−rf Ll¡l ®L¡−e¡ ®~hd J BCep‰a L¡le e¡Cz

4.10   HR¡s¡J fÐcnÑe£-10 Hhw 10L à¡l¡ h¡c£ fÐj¡e L−l−Re ®k e¡¢mn£ pÇf¢š h¡c£l ¢fa¡l e¡−j ®lLXÑ i¥š² qJu¡l fl a¡l¡ M¡Se¡J ¢c−u−Rez Ab¡Ñv

h¡c£l ¢fa¡ e¡¢mn£ i¨¢jl cM−m ¢R−mez k¢cJ ¢hh¡c£ fr m¢Ma Sh¡h Hhw p¡rÉ ¢c−u hm−a −Q−u−Re ®k a¡l¡ HJu¡S e¡j¡ j§−m p S¤ ¡ ¢ju¡ J j ¢ju¡l L¡R ®b−L e¡¢mn£ pÇf¢š −f−u−Re, ¢L¿º ¢hh¡c£ fr a¡−cl h¡u¡l cMm fÐj¡−el SeÉ ®L¡−e¡ fÐL¡l M¡Se¡l l¢nc c¡¢Mm L−le¢ez a¡q−m d−l ®eu¡ k¡u ®k, h¡c£l ¢fa¡ h¡c£l ¢fa¡jq e¡h¡mL ¢ju¡ ®b−L Ešl¡¢dL¡l p§−œ fÊ¡ç q−u HC pÇf¢š−a cM−m ¢R−mez fr¡¿¹−l −k−qa¥ ¢hh¡c£ fr ¢Li¡−h h¡ ¢L fÐL¡−l e¡¢mn£ pÇf¢š cMm fСç q−u−Re af ¡ Ðj¡e Ll−a hÉbÑ q−u−R ab¡ ®L¡−e¡ M¡Se¡l l¢nc c¡¢Mm Ll−a hÉbÑ q−u−R, ®p−qa¥ d−l ®eJu¡ k¡u ®k, a¡l¡ ®L¡−e¡ BCeNa f¿Û¡u Eš² i¨¢j−a cMm fСç qu e¡Cz HR¡s¡J h¡c£l ¢fa¡l L¢ba ®hcMm qJu¡l fl kMe ®g±Sc¡l£ L¡kÑ¢h¢dl 145 d¡l¡ Ae¤k¡u£ L¡kÑd¡l¡ l¦S¤ qu, k¡ flh¢aÑ−a M¡¢lS qu, ®pM¡−eJ f¤¢mn fТa−hc−e (fÐcnÑe£-12/L) E−õM Ll¡ q−u−R −k h¡c£l ¢fa¡−L 12- 03-1998 Cw a¡¢l−M ®hcMm Ll¡ q−u−Rz pw¢nÔø q¡L£−jl B−cn (fÐcnÑe£- 12/M) q−a HV¡J fÐj¡¢ea qu ®k, −pC 145 d¡l¡l L¡kÑ d¡l¡¢V ¢h‘ q¡¢Lj HC j−jÑ M¡¢lS L−l ®ce −k, ¢h−l¡d¢V ¢p¢im ®eQ¡−llz

4.11   Ef¢l¢õ¢Ma ¢hou R¡s¡ HJ fÐa£uj¡e qu ®k, ¢hh¡c£ fr Abh¡ a¡−cl h¡u¡NZ ¢h¢iæ œ²u c¢mm J Lh¤¢mu−a e¡¢mn£ pÇf¢š ¢em¡j ¢hœ²−ul ¢hou¢V ®L¡−e¡ e¡ ®L¡−e¡i¡−h ü£L¡l L−l ¢e−u−Rez H fÐp−‰ fÐcnÑe£-13M, 14M Hhw 14N cª−ø fÐa£uj¡e qu ®k, ¢hh¡c£ J ¢hh¡c£l h¡u¡NZ e¡¢mn£ pÇf¢š ¢em¡−jl ¢hou¢V ®j−e ¢e−uC ¢p|Hp| 460 ew M¢au¡−el Ad£e ¢h¢iæ pÇf¢šl œ²u Hhw h−¾c¡hÙ¹£ ¢e−u−Rez a¡C −pC ¢em¡j H²u Çf−LÑ h¡ ¢em¡j Ae¤¢ùa qJu¡ pÇf−LÑ ¢hh¡c£ f−rl JSl Bf¢šl ®rœ¢V AaÉ¿¹ c¤hÑm HC fÐp−‰ p¡rÉ BC−el 115 d¡l¡ ab¡ Hp−V¡−fm e£¢a¢V fТed¡e−k¡NÉz HR¡s¡J fË¢ah¡¢c f−rl ¢h‘ BCeS£h£ Se¡h Bh¤m L¡m¡j ®Q±d¤l£

q¡C−L¡VÑ ¢hi¡−Nl HL¢V HLL ®h−’l ¢pÜ¡¿¹ E›¡fe L−l−Re kl p¡C−Vne q−m¡ hSm§l lqj¡e Nw he¡j p¡c¤ ¢ju¡ Nw, 45 ¢X|Hm|Bl (1993) fªù¡-

391, −kM¡−e ¢pÜ¡¿¹ fÐc¡e Ll¡ q−u−R ®k, f§hÑf¤l¦o La LÑ« ü£L«a ®L¡e ¢ho−u Ešlp¤l£NZ Bf¢š E›¡fe Ll−a f¡l−h e¡ Hhw −p lLj Bf¢š

E›¡fe Ll−m a¡ p¡rÉ BC−el 115 d¡l¡j§−m h¡¢la q−hz Eš² j¡jm¡l Eš² ¢pÜ¡®¿¹ j§m fТaf¡cÉ BCeNa hÉ¡MÉ¡¢V ýhý a¤−m dl¡ q−m¡x

“Estoppel-It binds heirs-The plaintiff is claiming interest in the property by inheritance through his father. If his father had accepted the title of the defendants as tenants of the property, his father would be estopped from challenging the title of his landlord, and if his father would be estopped, the plaintiff would also be bound by the said estoppel, as estoppel binds heirs.”

       4.12.Ef−l¡š² ¢hou…−m¡ R¡s¡J B−l¡ ¢LR¤ ¢hou h¡c£l ¢fa¡l üaÅ ®S¡lc¡l

L−lz p¡rÉ fÐj¡−e ®cM¡ k¡u −k, e¡h¡mL ¢ju¡l ®l¢SØV¡XÑ Lh¤¢mua e¡j¡ 226 a¡¢lMx 17-01-1939 Cw (fÐcnÑe£-14) j§−m fСç e¡h¡mL ¢ju¡l 54 na¡wn i¨¢jl j−dÉ ¢LR¤ Awn ab¡ ¢p|Hp| 403 ew c¡−Nl 27 ¢Xw Hhw ¢p|Hp| 409 ew c¡−Nl 18 ¢Xw, phÑ−j¡V 45 ¢Xw pÇf¢š, psL J Sefc ¢hi¡N hl¡h−l Hhw 02 ¢Xw i¨¢j ®ge£ fõ£ ¢hc¤Év Eæue −h¡XÑ hl¡h−l plL¡l La«ÑL A¢dNª¢qa qu Hhw −pC A¢dNËq−Zl r¢af§lZ h¡hc fÐcš V¡L¡ h¡c£l ¢fa¡ ¢p¢ŸL¥l lqj¡e Bc¡u Ll−a ®N−m ¢hh¡c£l h¡u¡NZ, ab¡ p¤S¡

¢ju¡ J j¤S¡ ¢ju¡, a¡−a Bf¢š ¢c−m ®p Bf¢š M¡¢lS qu Hhw ®p M¡¢lS B−c−nl ¢hl¦−Ü ¢hh¡c£l EJ² h¡u¡NZ ®L¡−e¡dl−el BCeNa fТaL¡l e¡ ®Q−u a¡ ®j−e ¢e−u−Rez HC ¢hou…−m¡ fËcnÑe£-6,7,8,9 Hhw 9M à¡l¡ h¡c£ fÐj¡e Ll−a prj q−u−Rez p¤al¡w H¢V hm¡ k¡u ®k, ®k−qa¥ ¢hh¡c£l h¡u¡NZ r¢af§lZ c¡h£ L−l flh¢aÑ−a ®L¡−e¡ fÐL¡l fТaLl  ¡Q¡u e¡C, −p−qa¤ a¡l¡ pw¢nÔø i¨¢j−a h¡c£l ¢fa¡l j¡¢mL¡e¡ ü£L¡l L−l ¢e−u¢R®mez a¡C a¡−cl Eš² i¨¢j−a ®L¡−e¡ paÅ e¡ b¡L¡ p−šÆJ a¡l¡ −k L¢ba HJu¡S hc®ml j¡dÉ−j 07 na¡wn i§¢j ¢hh¡c£−L fÐc¡e L−l−R j−Ñ  j®k hš²hÉ ¢hh¡c£ E›¡fe L−l−Re, a¡ ¢i¢šq£e Hhw HC HJu¡S hc−ml j¡dÉ−j ¢hh¡c£fr ®L¡−e¡ dl−Zl üaÅ h¡ cMm ASÑe L−l¢ez

4.13.         Ef−l¡š²  B−m¡Qe¡,  p¡r£N−Zl  p¡rÉ  Hhw  c¡¢m¢mL  p¡rÉpj§q f¤exfkÑ¡−m¡Qe¡ (Re-assesment) L−l Aœ Bf£m Bc¡ma ¢pÜ¡¿¹ ¢e−a prj q−u−R ®k, ¢ejÀ Bc¡ma fË¢ah¡c£l ab¡ h¡c£l c¡−ul Ll¡ j¡jm¡u fË¡b£Ña üaÅ −O¡oe¡l J cMm EÜ¡−ll ¢X¢œ² fÐc¡e L−l ®Le ¡−¡ dl−el BCeNa, abÉNa h¡ AeÉ−L¡e i¨m L−l¢e z a¡C Eš² a¢LÑa l¡u J ¢X¢œ² qÙ¹−rf Ll¡l j−a¡ ®L¡−e¡ °hd J NËqZ−k¡NÉ L¡lZ e¡ b¡L¡u, Aœ Bf£m¢V M¡¢lS q−a h¡dÉz

4.14.         AaHh B−cn qu ®k, Aœ Bf£m¢V ®L¡−e¡ dl−el Ml−Ql B−cn hÉa£a M¡¢lS q−m¡ z Aœ Bf£m q−a Eá§a k¢c ®L¡−e¡ A¿¹h¢a LÑ ¡m£e B−cn ®b−L b¡−L, a¡J ¢lLm J h¡¢am Ll¡ q−m¡z

             Ef−l¡š² L¡l−e pwk¤J² l¦m¢VJ [¢p¢im l¦m ew 159(Hg)/2013] ¢eØf¢š        

Ll¡ q−m¡z 

              ¢ejÀ Bc¡m−al e¢b f¡¢W−u ®cu¡ ®q¡L z

 ---------------------------  −nM q¡p¡e B¢lg(¢hQ¡lf¢a)

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                                           B¢j pÇjaz      Bq−jc −p¡−qm (¢hQ¡lf¢a)