IN THE SUPREME COURT OF BANGLADESH APPELLATE DIVISION

PRESENT:

Mr. Justice A.B.M. Khairul Haque.

    -Chief Justice. Mr. Justice Md. Muzammel Hossain. Mr. Justice S. K. Sinha.

Mr. Justice Md. Abdul Wahhab Miah. Ms. Justice Nazmun Ara Sultana. Mr. Justice Syed Mahmud Hossain. Mr. Justice Muhammad Imman Ali.

CIVIL APPEAL No. 139 of 2005 with CIVIL PETITION FOR  LEAVE TO APPEAL NO.596 OF 2005.

(From the certificate granted under Article 103(2)(a) of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and from judgment and order dated 4.8.2004 passed by the High Court Division in Writ Petition No. 4112 of 1999 )

Abdul Mannan Khan                    ..................        Appellant.

      (In C.A. No.139/20005) Abdul Mannan Khan  ...................   Petitioner

       (In C. P. No.596/2005)

-VERSUS-

Government  of  Bangladesh,  represented  :  ..................Respondents. by the Secretary, Ministry of Law, Justice                  (In both the cases) and Parliamentary Affairs and others.

For the Appellant. (In C.A. No.139/05)

For the Petitioner. (In C.P.No.596/05)

For Respondent Nos.1-2. (In C.A. No.139/05)

:         Mr.M.I.  Farooqui,  Senior  Advocate (with Mr.  Mohsin  Rashid,  Advocate) instructed  by  Mr.  M.G.  Bhuiyan, Advocate-on-Record.

:         Mr.M.I.  Farooqui,  Senior  Advocate (with Mr.  Mohsin  Rashid,  Advocate) instructed  by  Mr.  M.  G.  Bhuiyan, Advocate-on-Record

:         Mr.  Mahbubey  Alam,  Attorney General,  with  Mr.  M.  K.  Rahman, Additional  Attorney  General,  Mr. Murad  Reza,  Additional  Attorney General, Md. Mothahar Hossain Saju, Deputy  Attorney  General,  A.B.M. Altaf  Hossain,  Deputy  Attorney General,  Md.  Ekramul  Haque,

Assistant Attorney General, Khandaker Diliruzzaman, Assistant Attorney General, Amit Talukder, Assistant Attorney General, instructed by Mr. B. Hossain, Advocate-on-Record.

Respondent Nos.3-7. (In C. A. No.139/05)

Respondents.

(In C.P.No.596/05)

As amici curiae

Dates of hearing.

:         Not represneted.

:         Not represented.

:         Mr. T.H. Khan,             Senior Advocate Dr. Kamal Hossain,          Senior Advocate Mr. Rafique-ul-Huq,         Senior Advocate Dr. M. Zahir,                   Senior Advocate Mr. M. Amirul Islam,        Senior Advocate Mr. Mahmudul Islam,       Senior Advocate Mr. Rokanuddin Mahmud, Senior Advocate Mr. Ajmalul Hossain,        Senior Advocate

:                     01.03.2011, 10.03.2011, 21.03.2011, 22.03.2011,24.03.2011, 30.03.2011, 31.03.2011, 03.04.2011, 04.04.2011, 06.04.2011 & 10.05.2011.

J U D G M E N T A.B.M. KHAIRUL HAQUE, C.J. :-

cª_g fvM

Avcxj v‡qi I cªv_wgK Av‡jvPbv

1| cªvi¤¢ t  nvB‡KvU© wefvM KZ…K msweavb (·qv k ms‡kvab) AvBb, 1996 (1996 Gi 1bs AvBb) Gi ˆeaZv c« vb mwVK nBqv‡Q wKbv AÎ Avcx‡j †mB cªkœ DÌvcb Kiv nBqv‡Q|

cªK…Zc‡¶ msweavb (·qv k ms‡kvab) AvBb,1996 (1996 Gi 1bs AvBb) Gi AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb wbi“cY AÎ Avcx†ji wePvh© welq|

2| msw¶ß Av‡ k t  10/05/2011 Zvwi‡L ivq cª vbKv‡j

wb‡æv³ Av‡ k cª vb Kiv nq t

“It is hereby declared:

(1)  The appeal is allowed by majority without any order as to costs.

(2)  The Constitution (Thirteenth amendement) Act, 1996 (Act 1 of 1996) is prospectively declared void and ultra vires the Constitution. 

(3)  The election of the Tenth and the Eleventh Parliament may be held under the provisions of the above mentioned Thirteenth Amendment on the age old prinicples, namely, quod alias non est licitum, necessitas licitum facit (That which otherwise is not lawful, necessity makes lawful), salus populi suprema lex (safety of the people is the supreme law) and salus republicae est suprema lex (safety of the State is the Suprme law).

The parliament, however, in the meantime, is at liberty to bring necessary amendments excluding the provisions of making the former Chief Justices of Bangladesh or the Judges of the Appellate Division as the head of the Non-Party Care-taker Government.

The Judgment in detail would follow.

The connected Civil Petition for leave to appeal No.596 of 2005 is accordingly, disposed of.” 

3| nvB‡KvU© KZ…©K i“jRvix t AÎ Av vj‡Zi GKRb weÁ G¨vW&‡fv‡KU giûg M. Saleem Ullah ·qv k ms‡kvab AvB‡bi ˆeaZv

DÌvcb KiZt nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M GKwU ixU& ‡gvKvÏgv, ixU wcwUkb bs 4112/1999 v‡qi K‡ib| iLv¯—Kvix c‡¶i weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q‡K kªeY KiZt nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi GKwU ‡e evsjv‡ k miKvi c‡¶ mwPe, AvBb I msm  welqK gš¿Yvjq I Ab¨vb¨ cªwZev xM‡Yi eivei GKwU Rule Nisi wbæwjwLZ fv‡e 25-1-2000 Zvwi‡L Rvix K‡it

Upon hearing Mr. M.I. Farooqui the learned Counsel for the petitioner in support of the petition and the learned Attorney General appearing for the Bangladesh who opposed the petition and as serious points of constitutional importance emerged out of the arguments of the learned counsel and the learned Attorney General, let a rule nisi be issued upon the respondents calling upon them to show cause as to why the impugned Constitution (Thirteen Amendment) Act, 1996 (Act No. 1 of 1996) (Annexure “A” & “A-1 to the petition) should not be declared to be ultra vires of the constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and of no legal effect and/or pass such other or further order or orders as to this court may fit and proper.

.......................................................................”

4| cªwZev x c¶f~³ KiY t  evsjv‡ k †dWv‡ij BDwbqb Ae&  Rvbv©wjóm  Gi  mfvcwZ  Rbve  Avgvbyj−vn  Kwei  Gi  Av‡e ‡bi wfwˇZ  nvB‡KvU©  wefvM  Bnvi  19-4-2000  Zvwi‡Li  Av‡ ke‡j Zvnv‡K 5bs cªwZev x wnmv‡e c¶fz³ K‡i| ZvnvQvov, AvIqvgx jxM I  evsjv‡ k  RvZxqZvev x  j  Gi  gnvmPxe؇qi  Av‡e b  µ‡g Av vjZ  Bnvi  25-4-2000  Zvwi‡Li  Av‡ k  e‡j  Zvnvw M‡K h_vµ‡g 6 I 7 bs cªwZev x wnmv‡e c¶f~³ KiZt Zvnv‡ i eivei Rule Rvix nq|

5|  Reve,  cªZz¨Ëi  BZ¨vw  t  1,5  I  6  bs  cªwZev xc¶ c„_K  c„_K  affidavit  in  opposition  vwLj  Kwiqv  RulewU Discharge  c vª _ b© v K‡i| iLv¯—Kvixc‡¶ GKwU  Supplementary affidavit I GKwU  affidavit in reply vwLj Kiv nq|

6|  wWwfkb  ‡e‡Â  ïbvbx  t  nvB‡KvU©  wefv‡Mi  wePvicwZ Shah Abu Nayem Mominur Rahman I wePvicwZ Md. Abdul Awal mgb¡‡q MwVZ GKwU  Division Bench G 21-7-2003 Zvwi‡L †gvKvÏgvwU ïbvbx Avi¤¢

nq| wKš‘ ïbvbx Kv‡j c Zª xqgvb nq †h ·qv k ms‡kvab AvBbwUi ˆeaZv cªm½ BwZc~‡e© ixU& wcwUkb bs 1729/1996 (ˆmq †gvnv¤§

gwkDi  ingvb  ebvg  evsjv‡ ‡ki  ivóªcwZ  I  Ab¨vb¨)  ‡gvKvÏgvq DÌvcb Kiv nBqvwQj, wKš‘ wePvicwZ Md. Mozammal Haque I wePvicwZ

M.A. Matin mgb¡‡q MwVZ Division Bench †Kvb Rule Rvix bv Kwiqv 25-7- 1996  Zvwi‡L  wbæwjwLZ  msw¶ß  Av‡ k  cª vb  Kwiqv  wcwUkbwU LvwiR K‡ib t

“Since the provisions of the 13th Amendment Act, as it appears to us, do not come within definitions of alternation, substitution or repeal of any provision of the Constitution and since for temporary measures some provisions of the Constitution  will  remain  ineffective,  we  do  not  find  any  substance  in  the submission of the petitioner that Article 56 of the Constitution had been in fact amended by 13th Amendment Act. On the face of the 13th Amendment Act it appears that those provisions were made only for a limited period for ninety days before holding general election after dissolution of the Parliament or before expiry of the Parliament. We find that no unconstitutional action was taken by

the legislature and as such we do not find any reason to interfere with 13th Amendment Act, we do not find any merit in the application and accordingly it is summarily rejected.”

7| e„nËi †e MV‡bi mycvwik t eZ©gv‡b ixU& †gvKvÏgvq (ixU& wcwUkb bs 4112/ 1999) weÁ wePviKe„› nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi Dc‡iv³ Av‡ ‡ki mwnZ wØgZ †cvlY Kwiqv welqwU ïbvbx Kwievi Rb¨ GKwU Full Bench MVb Kwievi Rb¨ 21-7-2003 Zvwi‡L wbæwjwLZ gZcªKvk Kwiqv gvbbxq cªavb wePvicwZ eivei †ck K‡ibt

Since we could not agree with the earlier decision in the case of Syed Md. Mashiur Rahman on the issue of validity of Act 1/96, we refrain from entering into other issues raised in the writ petition and did not take into our consider any submission on the issue of violation as to or destruction of basic structure of the Constitution, though we have mentioned hereinabove in the context of understanding the issue of “amendment” of Articles-48 and 56 of the Constitution, and the same should not be treated as our opinion or observation on the issue of “violation or destruction of the basic structure of the Constitution”, more so when we have not given any hearing on that issue.

Accordingly as submitted by the learned Advocates on behalf of the petitioner and respondent No. 6 as well as by the learned Additional Attorney- General we are of the opinion that it is proper case for referring for a decision by Full Bench as per provision of chapter-VII of the High Court Division Rules. Having regard to the gravity and importance of the issues raised in the writ petition, including that of destruction of basic structure of the Constitution, we are of the opinion that the Full Bench, if constituted, should decide all issues raised in the writ petition and particularly the issue whether the Act 1/96 has caused amendment in the provisions of Articles-48(3) and 56 of the Constitution requiring assent thereto through referendum as contemplated by Article- 142(1A), (1B) and (1C) of the Constitution.

Accordingly let this matter be placed before the learned Chief Justice for necessary order for a decision by a Full Bench as required under Rule-1 of Chapter-VII of the High Court Division Rules.

AZtci, gvbbxq cªavb wePvicwZ wZbRb wePvicwZ mgb¡‡q GKwU Full Bench MVb KiZt AÎ ixU& ‡gvKvÏgvwU ïbvbxi wb‡ ©k cª vb K‡ib|

8| Full Bench G ïbvbx t  ïbvbx A‡š— nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi     GKwU Full Bench ·qv k ms‡kvab AvBbwU ˆea †NvlYv Kwiqv Rule wU

LvwiR K‡i|

 yBwU cªv_wgK welqmn †gvU cvuPwU welq Full Bench we‡ePbv K‡i| cªv_wgK wePvh© welqØq wbæiƒct

K)       whether the petitioner had the necessary locus standi to challenge

the impugned amendment,

L) whether the writ petition is hit by the principle of res judicata.   

Full Bench Dc‡ii yBwU wePvh© welqB ixU& iLv¯—Kvixi c‡¶

wb¯úwË K‡i|

Full Bench Dc‡iv³ wePvh© welq we‡ePbv Kwi‡Z hvBqv K.M. Rahman V. Bangladesh 26 DLR (AD) 44, Dr. Mohiuddin Faruque V. Bangladesh 49 DLR (AD) 1 Ges ETV Ltd. V. BTRC 54 DLR(AD) 130 †gvKvÏgv¸wji iv‡qi

Dci wbf©i KiZt AÎ ixU& †gvKvÏgvwU v‡qi Kwi‡Z iLv¯—Kvixi locus standi iwnqv‡Q ewjqv †NvlYv K‡i|

Res judicata ZË¡ m¤^‡Ü Full Bench Gi wbKU cwijw¶Z nq †h eZ©gvb ixU& †gvKvÏgvi iLv¯—Kvix c~‡e©i ixU& wcwUkb bs 1729/1996 †gvKvÏgvq iLv¯—Kvix wQ‡jb bv ev Zvnv‡ i g‡a¨ Ab¨

†Kvb cvi¯úwiK cªwZwbwaZ¡gyjK m¤úK© (mutual representative character) wQj bv| GB Kvi‡Y eZ©gvb ixU& ‡gvKvÏgv Res judicata ZË¡¡Øviv yó bq

ewjqv Full Bench gZ cªKvk K‡i|

Ab¨vb¨ cªavb wePvh© welq¸wj wbæi“ct

M)    whether the impugned amendments require referendum under sub-

article (1A) of Article 142 of the Constitution.

N)        whether the impugned Act, bringing the amendments in the

Constitution, is destructive of the principle of democracy,

O) whether the amendment of Article 142 by adding clauses (1A), (1B)

and (1C) thereto by the Second Proclamation (Fifteenth Amendment) Order, 1978, can be said to be a valid constitutional amendment.

ZvnvQvov, wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv msµvš— welqwUI Full Bench

we‡ePbv K‡i|

Full Bench Gi wZbRb weÁ wePviKe„›  GKgZ nBqv Rule wU Discharge K‡ib, Z‡e Zuvnviv cª‡Z¨‡KB c„_K c„_K ivq cª vb K‡ib|

9| 103 Aby‡”Q‡ i Aax‡b mvwU©wd‡KU cª vb t ivq cª vb †k‡l iLv¯—Kvixi Av‡e b we‡ePbv KiZt Full Bench msweav‡bi

103 Aby‡”Q  Gi AvIZvq GB g‡g© mvwU©‡d‡KU cª vb K‡i †h gvgjvwUi mwnZ msweavb-e¨vL¨vi welq AvB‡bi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cªkœ RwoZ iwnqv‡Q|

nvB‡KvU© wefvM mywbw ©ófv‡e D‡j−L bv Kwi‡jI cªK…Z c‡¶ msweavb (·qv k ms‡kvab) AvBb,1996 (1996 Gi 1bs AvBb) Gi AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb wbi“cYB mvsweavwbK ¸i“I¦c~b© cªkœ I AÎ Avcxj wefv‡Mi g~j wePvh© welq| 

AZtci, Avcxj wefv‡M welqwU Avcxj wnmv‡e bw_fz³ Kiv nq| ZvnvQvov, ixU& iLv¯—Kvix Avi GKwU c„_K Civil Petition for Leave to Appeal No. 596 of 2005 v‡qi K‡i| BnvI AvcxjwUi mwnZ GK‡Î ivLv nq|

AvcxjKvix Av‡e ‡bi †cªw¶‡Z weÁ Chamber wePvicwZ Zuvnvi 14-12-2010 Zvwi‡Li Av‡ k e‡j AvcxjwU 10-1-2011 Zvwi‡L ïbvbxi Rb¨ wba©viY K‡ib|

AZci, 1-3-2011 Zvwi‡L AvcxjwUi ïbvbx Avi¤¢ nq|

10| nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi ivq ch©v‡jvPbv t  cª_‡gB Avgiv

nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi Full Bench Gi ivq Av‡jvPbv Kwie|

c~‡e©B ejv nBqv‡Q †h g~j wePvh© welq we‡ePbvi c~‡e© Full Bench cª_‡g yBwU cªv_wgK welq, h_v, ixU& iLv¯—wUi i¶YxqZv I res judicata ZË¡Øviv evwiZ wKbv Zvnv we‡ePbv K‡i|

Full Bench Gi wZb Rb weÁ wePviKe„›  GKgZ nB‡jI cª‡Z¨‡KB c„_K c„_K ivq cª vb K‡ib|

cª_‡gB wePvicwZ Md. Joynul Abedin Gi Av‡jvPbvwU we‡ePbvq jIqv nBj| wZwb Zvnvi iv‡qi cª_‡g iLv¯—Kvixi wb‡Ri Locus standi I iLv¯—wU res judicata ZË¡Øviv evwiZ wKbv Zvnv cªv_wgK wePvh© welq wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kwiqv‡Qb|

†h †Kvb ixU& †gvKvÏgvq, we‡kl Kwiqv Zvnv hw Rb¯^v_©g~jK ixU& †gvKvÏgv nBqv _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î iLv¯—Kvixi locus standi welqwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| KviY, †h †Kvb e¨w³ msweav‡bi 102 Aby‡”Q‡ i AvIZvq mycªxg †Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi GB we‡kl Avw  ¶gZv hvP&Tv Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv| wZwb †h 102 Aby‡”Q‡ i AvIZvq GKRb

ms¶zã e¨w³ cª_‡gB Zvnv cªwZwôZ Kwi‡Z nB‡e|

ixU& iLv¯—Kvix Zvnvi ixU& iLv‡¯—i 2q dvq Zvnvi locus standi cªm‡½ wbæwjwLZ e³e¨ cª vb Kwiqv‡Qbt

“Your petitioner is a citizen of Bangladesh. He is a practising Advocate of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh and holds the Constitution of the Republic in high esteem. It is the sacred duty of every citizen to safeguard and defend the Constitution and to maintain its supremacy as the embodiment of the will of the people of Bangladesh. Your petitioner is also the Secretary General of the Association for Democratic and Constitutional Advancement of Bangladesh (ADCAB), which has been working for the people’s awareness to guard against the violation of the Constitution and the rule of law”.

msweavb gvb¨ Kiv evsjv‡ ‡ki mKj bvMwi‡Ki GKwU we‡kl mvsweavwbK vwqZ¡| eZ©gvb ixU& †gvKvÏgvq iLv¯—Kvix msweav‡bi ZwK©Z ms‡kvabwU†K msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg cªavb basic feature MYZ‡š¿i mwnZ mvsNwl©K vex Kwiqv‡Qb| ZwK©Z ms‡kva‡b evsjv‡ ‡ki GKRb mv‡eK  cªavb wePvicwZ‡K ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii Dc‡ óv

wb‡qv‡Mi weavb _vKvq wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv ¶zbœ nB‡Z cv‡i ewjqv Zvnvi iLv‡¯— Avk¼v c Kvkª Kiv nBqv‡Q| wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvI msweav‡bi GKwU basic structure ewjqv wZwb vex Kwiqv‡Qb| ZvnvQvov, iLv¯—Kvix mycªxg †Kv‡U©i GKRb weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU| AZGe, evsjv‡ ‡ki GKRb bvMwiK wnmv‡e I mycªxg †Kv‡U©i GKRb weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU wnmv‡e ‡ ‡ki msweavb I wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvi wel‡q iLv¯—Kvixi ms¶zã nBevi KviY _vwK‡Z cv‡i weavq GB ixU& †gvKvÏgv v‡q‡i Zvnvi locus standi iwnqv‡Q ewjqv Avgiv nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi wm×v‡š—i mwnZ GKgZ|

AÎ Av vj‡Zi c~e© wb®úwËK…Z Kazi Mukhlesur Rahman V. Bangladesh

26 DLR (SC) (1974) 44 I Dr. Mohiuddin Faruque V. Bangladesh 49 DLR (AD) (1997) 1 †gvKÏgvq DÌvwcZ Locus standi Bmy¨i Dci  cª Ë  wm×vš— Aby‡gv b Kiv nBj|

D‡j−L¨ †h AÎ Avcxj †gvKvÏgvwU Avcxj wefv‡M wePvivaxb _vKvKvjxb mg‡q g~j ixU& iLv¯—Kvix A¨vwc‡j›U g„Zz¨gy‡L cwZZ nb| AZci, Rbve †gvt iûj KzÏym, G¨vW&†fv‡KU, Zvnvi ¯’jvwfwl³ nb| Rbve †gvt iûj KyÏym Zvnvi ¯’jvwfwl³ nBevi 4-11-2008 Zvwi‡Li Av‡e bc‡Î wbæwjwLZ wb‡e b iv‡Lbt

2. That during pendency of the present appeal, the appellant M. Saleem Ullah died on 3.8.2008 at BIRDEM hospital in Dhaka. A true copy of his death certificate is annexed hereto as Annexure-A.
3. That Mr. M. Saleem Ullah was a pioneer of Public Interest Litigation and was the Secretary General of the Association for Democratic and Constitutional Advancement of Bangladesh (in short ADCAB) and he brought the case before the Hon’ble Court in capacity of the Secretary General of ADCAB in the interest of public.
4. That the applicant Md. Ruhul Quddus is the successor Secretary General of ADCAB after the sad demise of Mr. M. Saleem Ullah. He is a learned Advocate of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, a public interest litigant and public spirited person believes in supremacy of the Constitution and is having same grievance of Mr. M. Saleem Ullah.

5. That the present Civil Appeal is having great public importance, by which the Constitution (Thirteen) Amendment) Act 1996 (Act No. 1 of 1996) has been challenged as being ultra vires of the Constitution. The said amendment has introduced the concept of Non-party Care Taker Government, a non- representative and undemocratic Government in violation of the basic and fundamental concept of democracy and also in violation of the mandatory provision of Article 142 (1A) of the Constitution; that independence of the judiciary, a basic structure of the Constitution is also affected and impaired by the impugned Act.

BwZg‡a¨ Rbve †gvt iûj KzÏym nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M wePvicwZ wbhy³ nB‡j Rbve Avãyj gvbœvb Lvb AvcxjKvix wnmv‡e Zvnvi ¯’jvwfwl³ nb| Zvnvi 9-12-2010 Zvwi‡Li Av‡e bc‡Î wZwb

e‡jbt

4. That after the sad demise of M. Saleem Ullah, his successor-in-office

Md. Ruhul Quddus was substituted in the present appeal, who has now been elevated on the bench on 4.11.2010.

5. That after elevation of Mr. Ruhul Quddus, the central committee of

ADCAB through a decision of its general meeting entrusted the present applicant, Md. Abdul Mannan Khan as the next Secretary General of ADCAB and also instructed him to proceed with and conduct the public interest litigations (PIL) initiated by ADCAB. The applicant is an Advocate of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, a public spirited person who believes in supremacy of the Constitution of the Republic and independence of the judiciary. He is having the same grievance as Mr. M. Saleem Ullah had as Secretary General of ADCAB.

D‡j−L¨, hLb AvcxjwU v‡qi Kiv nq ZLb g~j AvcxjKvix RxweZ wQ‡jb| Zrci, Zvnvi ¯’jvwfwl³ e¨w³I mycªxg †Kv‡U©i GKRb weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU| † ‡ki bvMwiK I AÎ Av vj‡Zi weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU wnmv‡e AÎ Avcxj †gvKvÏgvwU cwiPvjbv Kwi‡Z Zvnvi cª‡qvRbxq locus standi iwnqv‡Q e‡U|

ZvnvQvov, eZ©gvb Avcxj †gvKvÏgvq GKwU AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mvsweavwbK cªkœ DÌvwcZ nBqv‡Q| Bnv myivnv Kiv RvZxq ¯^v‡_© AwZ cª‡qvRb| GB cªm‡½ Ardeshir H Mama V. Flora Sassoon 55 Ind. App. 360=AIR 1928 PC 208 †gvKvÏgvwU cªwYavb‡hvM¨| Bnv GKwU Pzw³ cªe‡ji ‡gvKvÏgv wQj| wKš‘ †gvKvÏgvwU wbæ Av vj‡Z wb¯úwË nBevi c~‡e©B ev x Pzw³ Avi cvjb Kwi‡Z ivwR bb ewjqv weev x‡K Rvbvq weavq Privy Council G c¶M‡Yi AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb wbav©i‡Yi cª‡qvRb wQj bv, ZeyI we¯—vwiZ ïbvbx nq Ges G cªm‡½ Lord Blanesburgh e‡jbt

“In these circumstances their Lordships think, that whether or not this appeal can be disposed of without further reference to it, they ought to express their views upon so important a question of practice now that it has been raised and fully argued. In such a matter certainty is more important than anything else. A rule of practice, even if it be statutory, can when found to be inconvenient be altered by competent authority. Uncertainty in such a matter is at best an embarrassment and may at its wrost be a source of injustice which, in some cases, may be beyond judicial remedy. Accordingly in this judgment, their Lordships will deal with all the matters in controversy to which they have referred, irrespective of the question whether last of them of necessity now calls for determination at their hand.” (page 366 IA)

Union of India V. Sankalchand Himatlal Sheth, AIR 1977 SC 2328 ‡gvKvÏgvq wePvicwZ Sheth ‡K Ab¨ GKwU nvB‡Kv‡U© e wj Kwi‡j ¸RivU nvB‡KvU© Zvnv A‰ea †NvlYv K‡i| mycªxg †Kv‡U© Avcxj wePvivaxb _vKvKvjxb mg‡q miKvi Zvnvi e wji Av‡ k cªZ¨vnvi Kwi‡j wZwbI ixU& †gvKvÏgvwU cªZ¨vnvi K‡ib| wKš‘ Zvnv m‡Z¡I mycªxg †Kv‡U©i wePvicwZMY ZwK©Z welqwU m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ ivq cª vb K‡ib| G cªm‡½ Justice VR Krishna Iyr Gi AwfgZ cªwYavb‡hvM¨t

“118. We have earlier stated that the appeal has happily ended by         consensus. The deeper constitutional issues have been considered and answered by us, responding to our duty under Article 141 and to avoid future shock to the cardinal idea of justice to the justices. ......... The highest court with constitutional authority to declare the law cannot shrink from its obligation because the lis which has activised its jurisdiction has justly been adjusted.”(A‡av‡iLv cª Ë)

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fv‡e Bnv mgMª nvB‡KvU© wefv‡MiB wm×vš— ewjqv MªnY Kwi‡Z nq|

Z‡e GKwU ågvZ¡K AvBbx wm×vš— KLbB nvB‡Kv‡U i© Avi GKwU †e AbymiY Kwi‡Z eva¨ bq| “The blunders of one age cannot warrant the blunders of another” ( Watkins : Principles of Conveyancing) (Professor J.H.Baker : An Introduction to English Legal History, page-105) |

‡Kvb GKwU wel‡q c~e©v‡ý wm×vš— nB‡j nvB‡KvU© wefvM GKB AvB‡bi cª‡kœ n¯—‡¶c Kwi‡Z mshZ nB‡e wVKB wKš‘ GL&wZqviwenxb nB‡e bv| GB †cª¶vc‡U fviZxq mycªxg †Kv‡U©i B. Prabhakar Rao V. State of A.P, AIR1986 SC 210, ‡gvKvÏgvq cª Ë ivq cªwYavb †hvM¨ (c„ôv- 227)t

“23........ a writ petition similar to Writ Petitions Nos. 3420-346/83 etc. had been filed earlier and had been dismissed in limine by a Bench of this Court. We do not see how the dismissal in limine of such a writ petition can possibly bar the present writ petitions. Such a dismissal in limine may inhibit our discretion but not our jurisdiction. So the objection such as it was, was not pursued further.”

Z‡e hw  nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi Avi GKwU †e c~‡e©v³ †e‡Âi wm×v‡š—i mwnZ wØgZ †cvlY K‡i Z‡e High Court Rules Abymv‡i D³ †e GKwU e„nËi †e MVb Kwievi j‡¶ c ‡¶c MªnY Kwi‡Z cv‡i| G‡nb ‡¶‡Î res judicata-i †Kvb cªkœ D‡V bv|

g~j K_v nB‡Z‡Q †h ZwK©Z welqwU Pzovš— wm×vš— nBqv‡Q wKbv|

hw  Avcxj wefv‡M †Kvb AvBbx cª‡kœi Pzovš— wm×vš— nq, Zvnv nvB‡KvU© wefvM Ges Aa¯—b mKj Av vj‡Zi Dci eva¨Ki| ‡mB GKB cªkœ ev GKB NUbv cybivq nvB‡Kv‡U© DÌvcb evwiZ nB‡e|

Avcxj wefvM hw I stare decisis ZË¡ Abymv‡i D³ wefv‡M gxgvsmxZ cªkœ bwRi (precedence) wnmv‡e cªvq mKj mg‡qB AbymiY Kwi‡e Z‡e Avcxj wefv‡Mi wbKU hw  wb‡Ri †Kvb AvBbx wm×vš— ågvZ¥K ewjqv cªZxqgvb nq Z‡e D³ AvBbx wm×vš— cwieZ©b Kwi‡Z cv‡i KviY “ For that were to wrong every man having a like cause, becuase another was wronged before”: Vaughan, C.J. (in Bole V. Horton,1673) (Professor J.H.Baker: An Introduction to English Legal History, page-105) |

G‡nb AvBbx Ae¯’v‡b Avgiv res judicata cª‡kœ nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi mwnZ GKgZ ‡cvlY Kwi|

Zrci g~j wePvh© welq (M) m¤^‡Ü wePvicwZ Abedin e‡jb †h msweav‡bi cª¯—vebv ev mswk−ó ‡h mKj weavb †h¸wj ms‡kvab Kwi‡j MY‡fvU cª‡qvRb nq Zuvnvi GKwUI ms‡kvab Kiv nq bvB weavq MY‡fv‡UiI cªkœ I‡V bv|

 iLv¯—Kvix c‡¶ wb‡e b †h msweav‡bi 58L, 58M I 58N Aby‡”Q ¸wj cª¯—vebv, 8, 48 I 56 Aby‡”Q ¸wj‡K mivmwi bv nB‡jI c‡iv¶fv‡e ms‡kvab Kwiqv‡Q GB e³‡e¨i †cªw¶‡Z weÁ wePviK wm×vš— cª vb K‡ib †h D³ Aby‡”Q ¸wji †Kvb ms‡kvabx nq bvB, ZwK©Z AvBbwU 48(3), 141K(1)I 141M(1) Aby‡”Q ¸wj‡K mxwgZ mg‡qi Rb¨ ¯’wMZ Kwiqv‡Q gvÎ|

Zrci, msweav‡bi basic structure h_vt MYZš¿ I wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv‡K 58L nB‡Z 58O Ges 99(1) Aby‡”Q‡ i ms‡kvabx †Kvb

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cvwK¯—vb I fviZ GgbwK evsjv‡ ‡ki g~j msweav‡bI ‘caretaker’ miKvi e¨e¯’v iwnqv‡Q, Rbve iwdK-Dj nK I Rbve iv¾vK weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv qM‡Yi GB wb‡e b, Ges Since such scheme was not found to suit the genius of the people of our country there was an out cry for a non-party care-taker government to hold the general election of the Parliament to ensure free, fair and independent election  Zuvnv‡ i GB e³e¨ wePvicwZ  Abedin h‡_ó A_©en ewjqv gZ cªKvk K‡ib|

msweav‡bi 99(1) Aby‡”Q  m¤^‡Ü iLv¯—Kvix c‡¶ DÌvwcZ e³e¨ †h Aemicªvß cªavb wePvicwZ I wePvicwZMY‡K h_vµ‡g cªavb Dc‡ óv c‡ wb‡qv‡Mi mvsweavwbK evav ~ixf~Z Kwiqv wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv Le© Kiv nBqv‡Q| GB e³‡e¨i ‡cªw¶‡Z wePvicwZ Abedin g‡b K‡ib †h Aeva, myôz I wbi‡c¶  wbe©vP‡bi m¦v‡_© Aemicªvß cªavb wePvicwZ I wePvicwZMY‡K h_vµ‡g hw  cªavb Dc‡ óv wb‡qvM Kiv nq Zvnv weZwK©Z Kwievi †Kvb KviY bvB|

wePvicwZ Md. Joynul Abedin MYZš¿ I wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv‡K msweav‡bi basic structure ewjqv‡Qb e‡U Z‡e ZwK©Z ms‡kvab¸wj D³ basic structureØq‡K Le© Kwiqv‡Q wKbv ‡m m¤¦‡Ü †Kvb gš—e¨ K‡ib bvB| wePvicwZ Md. Awlad Ali Zuvnvi c„_K iv‡q e‡jb †h ZwK©Z msweavb (·qv k ms‡kvab) AvBb msweav‡bi 8,48 I 56 Aby‡”Q ‡K ms‡kvab K‡i bv weavq 142(1K) Aby‡”Q‡ i AvIZvq MY‡fv‡Ui †Kvb cª‡qvRb bvB|

wePvicwZ Ali g‡b K‡ib †h cªK…Z MYZ‡š¿i ¯^v‡_©B wbi‡c¶ ZË¡veavqK miKvi e¨e¯’v cªewZ©Z nBqv‡Q| wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h MYZ‡š¿i ¯^v‡_© mxwgZ mg‡qi Rb¨ msweav‡bi 48(3), 56 I 57(3)

Aby‡”Q ¯’wMZ ivwL‡j †Kvb ¶wZ bvB| wKš‘ msweavb I ivóªxq Rxe‡b D³ weavb¸wji ¸i“Z¡ m¤^‡Ü wZwb †Kvb e³e¨ cª vb K‡ib bvB|

AZtcit, wePvicwZ Ali msweavb (·qv k ms‡kvab) AvBb, msweav‡bi 8, 48(3), 56 I 57(3) Aby‡”Q ¸wj †Kvb fv‡e ms‡kvab K‡i wKbv Zvnv Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb †h 58(L) nB‡Z 58(O) ch©š— Aby‡”Q ¸wj msweav‡bi, we‡kl Kwiqv 48(3), 56 I 58(O) Aby‡”Q‡ i †Kvb cwieZ©b ev ms‡kvab Avbqb K‡i bvB| ZwK©Z ms‡kvab ¦viv Dc‡iv³ Aby‡”Q ¸wj cwiewZ©Z nB‡j †m¸wj‡K Kvh©Ki Kwi‡Z msm ‡K c by ivq AvBb wewae× Kwi‡Z nBZ, wKš‘ G‡¶‡Î wZb gvm c‡i b~Zb miKvi ¶gZv Mªn‡Yi ci g~j 48(3), 56 I 57(3) Aby‡”Q ¸wj cybivq ¯^qswµqfv‡e Kvh©Ki nB‡e| GB wZb gvm mgq D³ Aby‡”Q ¸wj ¯’wMZ I AKvh©Ki _vwK‡e gvÎ, Kv‡RB GB Kvh©µg‡K msweavb ms‡kvab ejv hvq bv ewjqv wZwb gZ cªKvk K‡ib|

Aek¨ ·qv k ms‡kvab m¤ú‡K© wePvicwZ Ali i wb‡Ri gš—e¨t

“is a peculiar and novel political contrivance, and it is an unprecedented legislation in our legislative history....”

G m¤^‡Ü Avi †Kvb gš—e¨ wb‡¯úªv‡qvRb|

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msweav‡bi basic structure aŸsm nIqv cªm‡½ wePvicwZ Ali mvgwiK AvBb Øviv msweavb cwieZ©b Ges Zrci msweavb (cÂg ms‡kvab) AvBb, 1979, gvidr Aby‡gv b I wbwðZKiY cªm½ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib hvnv eZ©gvb †gvKvÏgvi welqe¯—y bq| wZwb Aek¨ mwVK fv‡eB e‡jb †h RvZxq msm‡ iI basic structure cwieZ©b Kwievi †Kvb ¶gZv bvB|

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wePvicwZ Mirza Hussain Haider Zuvnvi iv‡qi cªvi‡¤¢ MYZš¿ jBqv Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| wZwb MYZš¿ cªm‡½ President Abraham Lincoln nB‡Z DׄwZ cª vb K‡ib, Justice Mathew nB‡Z ‘rule of majority’ Ges Sir Ivor

Jennings nB‡Z ‘the vesting of the political power in free and fair election’ gš—e¨ DׄZ KiZt wbe©vPb gva¨‡gB †h msL¨vMwiôZv wbY©q m¤¢e Zvnv e‡jb| MYZš¿‡K cªvwZôvwbK i“c cª vb Kwievi Rb¨ mgqgZ Aeva

I myôy wbe©vP‡bi cª‡qvRbxqZv Ges Hiƒc Aeva I myôy wbe©vP‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z MYZš¿ †h A_©nxb nBqv c‡o ZvnvI mywbcyb fv‡e eY©bv K‡ib|

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AvBbMZ mwVK Ae¯’vb GB †h BwZg‡a¨ mycªxg †Kv‡U©i Dfq wefvM msweavb (cÂg ms‡kvab) AvBb, 1979, evwZj Kivq Ges 142 Aby‡”Q  Bnvi g~j Ae¯’v‡b wdwiqv hvIqvq mswk−ó ms‡kva‡b MY‡fv‡Ui weavb jyß nBqv‡Q|

wePvicwZ Abedin I wePvicwZ Haider DfqB GB Dc-gnv‡ ‡ki wZbwU † ‡ki msweav‡b wbe v© wPZ miKv‡ii kvmbKvjA‡š— GK ai‡bi care-taker miKvi eiveiB we ¨gvb _v‡K Ges we vqx cªavbgš¿x I Ab¨vb¨ gš¿xMY Zuvnv‡ i cªwZwbwaZ¡kxj PwiÎ nvivq Zvnv gš—e¨ Kwi‡jI wK fv‡e ev wK cªwµqvq Zuvnviv Zuvnv‡ i cªwZwbwaZ¡kxj PwiÎ nvivq Zvnv e¨vL¨v K‡ib bvB| D‡j−L¨ †h ZwK©Z msweavb ms‡kvab Gi c~‡e©i 123 Aby‡”Q we vqx miKv‡ii †gqv g‡a¨ mvaviY wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi weavb ivwLqv‡Q|

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99 Aby‡”Q‡ i ms‡kvab we‡ePbvi cªkœ I‡V|

Full Bench Gi weÁ wePviKe„›  ·qv k ms‡kva‡bi AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb wbY©qv‡_©© RbM‡Yi †fvU cª v‡b myweav I D³ ms‡kvabx mKj ivR‰bwZK ‡ji g‡Zi wfwˇZ Kiv nBqv‡Q Zvnvi Dc‡iB AwaKZi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc Kwiqv‡Qb wKš‘ D³ ms‡kvabx iv‡óªi MYZvwš¿K I cªRvZvwš¿K PwiÎ, wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv cªf„wZ basic structure Gi mwnZ mvsNwl©K wKbv Zvnv Ab¨ mKj Avbymvw½K we‡ePbv eR©b KiZt m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb fv‡e wbi“cY Kwievi Dci Zuvnv‡ i AwaKZi ¸i“Z¡

Av‡ivc Kiv DwPr wQj, wKš‘ Zuvnviv Zvnv h‡_ó fv‡e Kwiqv‡Qb ewjqv cªZxqgvb nq bv|

mKj weÁ wePviKMY mwVK I †hŠw³K fv‡eB wbe©vPb Kwgkb Gi  mvsweavwbK  I  AvBbMZ  vq  I  vwq‡Z¡i  Dci  ¸i“Z¡  Av‡ivc Kwiqv‡Qb|

11|  Amicus Curiae wb‡qvM t  AÎ  gvgjvwU  ïbvbxi  cªvi‡¤¢ wbæwjwLZ wmwbqi G¨vW&†fv‡KUMY‡K  amicus curiae wnmv‡e Av vjZ‡K

mn‡hvwMZv Kwievi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Kiv nq t

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      12| AvcxjKvix c‡¶ e³e¨ †ck t  Rbve Gg AvB dvi“Kx, wmwbqi G¨vW&†fv‡KU, AvcxjKvix c‡¶ Zvnvi e³e¨ ‡ck Avi¤¢ K‡ib|

      e³‡e¨i cª_‡gB wZwb  1994 mv‡j AbywôZ gv¸iv Dc-wbe©vPb I ZrcieZ©x‡Z mKj ‡ji †hŠ_ Av‡› vj‡b † k APj nBqv cwoevi NUbvejx eY©bv K‡ib|

Zrci,  weÁ  G¨vW&†fv‡KU  g‡nv q  e‡jb  †h  evsjv‡ k  iv‡óªi MYZvwš¿K I cªRvZvwš¿K cwiPq ev  PwiÎ, wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv, GB ˆewkó¨¸wj MYcªRvZvwš¿K evsjv‡ k iv‡óªi msweav‡bi g~j ˆewkó¨

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weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q wb‡e b K‡ib †h msweav‡bi ·qv k ms‡kva‡bi ci msweav‡bi PwiÎB cwieZ©b nBqv wMqv‡Q KviY Bnvi basic structure cwieZ©b nBqv‡Q| GB ms‡kva‡bi d‡j wePviK‡ i wbi‡c¶Zv cªkœwe× nBqv‡Q Ges mvwe©Kfv‡e wePvi wefvM ¶wZMª¯’ nBqv‡Q|

wZwb wb‡e b K‡ib †h msweav‡bi PZz_© fv‡Mi 2q cwi‡”Q 90w ‡bi Rb¨ AKvh©Ki ev ineffective _vwKevi weavb Kvh©Z b~Zb GKwU Legal Order m„wó K‡i hvnvi †Kvb AvBbMZ ˆeaZv bvB| Bnv mZ¨ †h RvZxq msm  †h ‡Kvb AvBb cªYqb Kwi‡Z cv‡i, GgbwK 142 Aby‡”Q‡ i kZ© mv‡c‡¶ msweavbI ms‡kvab Kwi‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ KLbB basic structure ¶zbœ Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv| 55 Aby‡”Q m¤^‡Ü wZwb e‡jb †h Bnv iv‡óªi wZbwU cªavb ¯—‡¤¢i GKwU ¯—¤¢ wbe©vnx miKvi m„wó Kwiqv‡Q Ges wbe©vnx miKv‡ii PvwjKv kw³ gwš¿mfv‡K †hŠ_fv‡e msm‡ i wbKU vqx ivwLqv‡Q| GBfv‡e iv‡óªi Avi GKwU ¯—¤ ¢ RvZxq msm‡ i gyLv†c¶x Kwiqv ivóª cwiPvjbvq GKwU checks and balances ev fvimvg¨ m„wó Kwiqv‡Q| wKš‘ 2K cwi‡”Q Avbqb Kivq ‡mB fvimvg¨ Aš—Z 90 w ‡bi Rb¨, †¶Î we‡k‡l 2 ermi ev ZrDa©Ÿ mg‡qi Rb¨ bó nBqv‡Q Ges msweavb AKvh©Ki nBqv‡Q Z_v MYZš¿, Aš—Z H mg‡qi Rb¨ wejyß nBqv‡Q Ges iv‡óªi cªRvZvwš¿K PwiÎ Le© nBqv‡Q|

wZwb AviI e‡jb †h 58K Aby‡”Q‡ i kZ© †gvZv‡eK 72(4) Aby‡”Q‡ i Aax‡b msm  cybvivnŸvb Kiv nB‡j cªavbgš¿xi mvsweavwbK Ae¯’vb wK nB‡e ZvnviI †Kvb e¨vL¨v bvB|

weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q nvB‡Kv‡U©i Full Bench Gi iv‡qi mgv‡jvPbv Kwiqv e‡jb ‡h nvB‡Kv‡U i© weÁ wePviKMY ZwK©Z ms‡kvab †K ms‡kvab ev amendment AwfwnZ bv Kwiqv PZy_© fv†Mi 2q cwi‡”Q  90 w ‡bi Rb¨ ‘ineffective’ ev AKvh©Ki _vwK‡e ewjqv‡Qb wKš‘ msweav‡b msweav‡bi †Kvb Ask GBi“c ineffective _vwKevi †Kvb weavb bvB ewjqv wZwb wb‡e b K‡ib|

weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q msweav‡bi 61 I 58L(3) Aby‡”Q‡ i Zzjbvg~jK we‡k−lY KiZt e‡jb †h ivóªcwZ I cªavb Dc‡ óvi g‡a¨ GKwU dichotomy of power struggle ev yB mvsweavwbK c vwaKvix e¨w³Ø‡qi g‡a¨ ci¯úi we‡ivax GKwU ¶gZvi Ø› m„wó Kwiqv‡Q KviY GKw ‡K cªavb Dc‡ óv 58L(3) Aby‡”Q‡ i Aax‡b iv‡óªi wbe©vnx cªavb, Ab¨w ‡K, ivóªcwZ msm  I gwš¿mfvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z 61 Aby‡”Q‡ i Aax‡b wb‡RB mvgwiK evwnbxi cªavb nB‡eb|

ZvnvQvov, 48 (3), 141K(1) Ges 141M(1) Aby‡”Q  Gi Aax‡b †Kvb c ‡¶c jB‡Z nB‡j cªavbgš¿xi civgk© I Zuvnvi cªwZ¯^v¶i MªnY Kwievi weavb iwnqv‡Q wKš— 58O Aby‡”Q Abymv‡i ivóªcwZ wb‡Ri we‡ePbv Abymv‡i Dc‡iv³ Aby‡”Q‡  e¨³ ¶gZv cª‡qvM Kwi‡Z cvwi‡eb, djkª“wZ‡Z wZwb gyj msweav‡bi †LZvex ivóªcwZ nB‡Z cªK…Z c‡¶ iv‡óªi wbe©vnx cªavb ivóªcwZ‡Z cwiYZ nB‡eb| Bnvi d‡j ivóªcwZ GK”QÎ ¶gZvavix nB‡eb Ges ¶gZvi c„_K&KiY ZË¡¡ Le© nB‡e|

weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q Avk¼v cªKvk K‡ib †h ivóªcwZ 58M

(6) Aby‡”Q Abymv‡i hw cªavb Dc‡ óvi vwqZ¡fvi MªnY K‡ib Z‡e wZwb ˆ¯^ikvm‡K cwiYZ nB‡Z cv‡ib hvnv 2006 mv‡ji †kl fv‡M

‡ Lv w qv‡Q| GB cªm‡½ wZwb 1996, 2001 I 2006 mv‡ji ZË¡veavqK miKvi Avg‡ji wewfbœ NUbvejx eY©bv K‡ib|

weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q AviI e‡jb †h gv¸iv Dc-wbe©vP‡b AbywôZ KviPzwc I †eAvBbx NUbvejx‡K AwZgvÎvq ¸i“Z¡ cª vb Kiv nBqv‡Q|  e¯—yZ H mKj A‰ea Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ cªK…Zc‡¶ wbe v© Pb Kwgk‡bi e¨_©ZvB vqx| ZvnvivB mgq gZ h_vh_ c ‡¶c jB‡Z

e¨_© nIqvq  gv¸ivi wbe©vP‡bi b¨vq Abwf‡cªZ NUbv NwUqv‡Q| †mRb¨ wbe©vPb Kwgkb mwVK fv‡e kw³kvjx Kwievi c ‡ª qvRb _vwK‡jI msweav‡bi ·qv k ms‡kva†bi †KvbB cª‡qvRb wQj bv|

wZwb U.N. R. Rao V. Smt. Indira Gandhi, AIR 1971 SC 1002, †gvKvÏgv      D‡j−Lc~e©K wb‡e b K‡ib ‡h RvZxq msm  fvwOqv hvIqvi ciI gš¿xmfv Kvh©Ki _vwK‡Z cv‡i, ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii †Kvb cª‡qvRb _v‡K bv| eiÂ, wZwb wb‡e b K‡ib †h, MZ ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii mgq wePvi wefvM‡K wbqš¿Y Kwievi GKUv cª‡Póv wQj|

ZvnvQvov, Anwar Hassain V. Bangladesh 1989 BLD (Special Issue) †gvKvÏgvi D‡j−Lc~e©K wZwb wb‡e b K‡ib †h wePvicwZ Badrul Haider Chowdhury msweav‡bi 7 Aby‡”Q ‡K Ges wePvicwZ M.H. Rahman msweav‡bi cª¯—vebv‡K ‘Pole Star’ wnmv‡e eY©bv K‡ib| wZwb D³ †gvKvÏgvq cª Ë iv‡qi wewfbœ Ask DׄZ Kwiqv GKwU mvivsk vwLj

K‡ib|

Rbve dvi“Kx, G¨vW&†fv‡KU, wb‡e b K‡ib ‡h GB fv‡e ·qv k ms‡kvab AvBb msweav‡bi cªRvZvwš¿K PwiÎ Le© K‡i| ZvnvQvov, wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvI ¶zbœ K‡i|

Rbve †gvnvg¥ †gvn‡mb iwk , G¨vW&†fv‡KU t

AvcxjKvix c‡¶ Rbve Gg AvB dvi“Kx e¨wZ‡i‡K Rbve

†gvnvg¥ †gvn‡mb iwk Av vj‡Zi AbygwZ MªnY c~e©K Zvnvi e³e¨ †ck K‡ib|

wZwb msweav‡bi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w K¸wj Zzwjqv a‡ib| wZwb MYZš¿            †h msweav‡bi GKwU Basic Structure Zvnv wewfbœ bwRi Gi cªwZ „wó

AvKl©b c~e©K e¨vL¨v K‡ib| ZvnvQvov, wZwb e‡jb †h ZwK©Z msweavb ms‡kvab AvBb wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv Le© Kwi‡e, Aemi cªvß cªavb wePvicwZ ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨i wkKvi (Political victim) nB‡Z cv‡ib|

weÁ G¨v&W‡fv‡KU g‡nv q e‡jb †h, wb ©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKvi Ggb e¨w³eM© mgb¡‡q MwVZ hvnviv RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ b‡nb| GgZve¯nvq wbe©vwPZ RbcªwZwbwa‡ i Z_v RvZxq msm‡ i m m¨‡ i mgb¡‡q ZË¡veavqK miKvi MVb Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i| †hB miKviwU Aš—e©Zx©Kvjxb miKvi wnmv‡e 90 w b ¶gZvq _vwKqv wbe©vPb cwiPvjbv Kwi‡e| GB miKv‡ii m m¨MY Kgc‡¶ GK †gqv Kvj wbe©vP‡b Ask MªnY Kwi‡Z cvwi‡e bv| GB miKviwU MwVZ nB‡e RvZxq msm‡  ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae vb ivwLqv‡Qb A_©vr wbqwgZ nvwRi _vwKqv weZK©mn msm‡ i mKj Kg©Kv‡Û Ask MªnY Kwiqv‡Qb Ggb mKj m m¨ evQvB Kwiqv MwVZ nB‡e| Zvnv‡ i g‡a¨ nB‡ZB GKRb‡K miKvi cªavb Kiv hvB‡e| Zuvnviv GKwU Aeva I MªnY‡hvM¨ wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi e¨e¯nv Kwi‡eb|

wZwb AviI e‡jb †h GKB mv‡_ wbe©vPb Kwgkb‡K kw³kvjx Kwi‡Z nB‡e| KviY wbe©vPb KwgkbB mvaviY wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvR m¤úbœ Kwi‡e| cª‡qvRbxq AvBb cªYqb Kwiqv Kwgk‡bi kwI“ e„w× Kwi‡Z nB‡e|

13| A¨vUbx©-†Rbv‡ij c‡¶ e³e¨ t

A¨vUbx©-†Rbv‡ij g‡nv q Avgv‡ i gyw³hy× I Zrci 1991 mv‡j MYZ‡š¿ cªZ¨veZ©‡bi BwZnvm eY©bv KiZt wZwb AvB‡bi kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv m¤^‡Ü e³e¨ iv‡Lb|

cªRvZš¿ m¤^‡Ü e³e¨ ivwL‡Z hvBqv wZwb e‡jb †h 1990 mv‡ji †kl fv‡M wePvicwZ mvnve wy Ïb Avn&†g  j gZ wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji Aby‡iv†a A¯’vqx ivóªcwZi c MªnY K‡ib Ges † ‡k GKwU Aeva I wbi‡c¶ wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq I † ‡k MYZš¿ c~b©envj nq| ivóªcwZ RvZxq msm KZ…©K wbe©vwPZ nb Kv‡RB wZwb †h Awbe©vwPZ

Zvnv ejv hvq bv| ZvnvQvov, msweavbB Zuvnv‡K KZK¸wj ¶gZv cª vb Kwiqv‡Q, †hgb, cªavbgš¿x I cªavb wePvicwZ wb‡qvM cª vb| ZvnvQvov, 49 Aby‡”Q  Abymv‡i †h †Kvb ‡Ûi gvR©bv, wej¤^b I weivg gÄyi Kwievi Ges †h †Kvb Û gIKzd, ¯’wMZ ev nªvm Kwievi ¶gZv ivóªcwZi iwnqv‡Q| Kv‡RB ivóªcwZi †Kvb ¶gZv bvB G K_v ejv hvq bv|

MYZš¿ cª‡kœ wZwb e‡jb †h evsjv‡ k iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg g~jbxwZ nBj MYZš¿ Ges iv‡óªi cª‡Z¨KwU ¯—‡i MYZš¿ ivóª e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Kiv nBqv‡Q| Z‡e msweav‡bi 56(2) Aby‡”Q e‡j Awbe©vwPZ e¨w³I gš¿x c‡  wb‡qvM cvB‡Z cv‡ib Zvnvi weavb iwnqv‡Q| G cªm‡½ wZwb msm -m m¨MY KZ…©K wbe©vwPZ gwnjv m m¨M‡YiI K_v D‡j−L K‡ib|

GB  †cª¶vc‡U  wZwb  Aeva  I  wbi‡c¶  wbe©vPb  Abyôv‡bi  Rb¨ Awbe©vwPZ Dc‡ óv wb‡qv‡Mi cª‡qvRbxqZvi K_v D‡j−L K‡ib|

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† Lv hvq †h evsjv‡ ‡ki wbe©vPb Kwgkb wbe©vPb e¨e¯’vcbvq fvi‡Zi wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi b¨vq k³ f~wgKv jB‡Z e¨_© nb| GB Kvi‡YB wb ©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKvi cª‡qvRb nBqv‡Q ewjqv wZwb Rvbvb|

msweavb ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ Mb‡fv‡Ui cª‡kœ wZwb e‡jb †h msweavb cÂg ms‡kvab †gvKvÏgv cª Ë iv‡qi c‡i D³ ms‡kvabx KZ…©K AbxZ msweav‡bi 142 Aby‡”Q† i ms‡kvabwU jyß nBqv‡Q weavq MY‡fv‡Ui †Kvb cªkœ Avi I‡V bv|

weÁ A¨vUbx© †Rbv‡ij e‡jb †h †h‡nZz ZwK©Z ms‡kvabwU Øviv wKQy b~Zb Aby‡”Q  ms‡hvRb Kiv nBqv‡Q gvÎ wKš‘ we ¨gvb †Kvb Aby‡”Q ev miKv‡ii aiY cwieZ©b Kiv nq bvB weavq Bnv ejv hvq bv †h ZwK©Z ·qv k ms‡kvab msweav‡bi Basic structure Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b NUvBqv‡Q|

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GKB hyw³‡Z wZwb e‡jb †h †h‡nZz cªavbgš¿x Zuvnvi †gqv cieZ©x wKQyKvj mgq Zuvnvi c‡  _vwKqv miKvi cwiPvjbv Kwi‡Z cv‡ib †h mg‡qi Rb¨ wZwb wbe©vwPZ b‡nb Kv‡RB Aeva I wbi‡c¶ wbe©vP‡bi ¯^v‡_© Awbe©vwPZ Dc‡ óvMYI miKvi cwiPvjbv Kwi‡Z cv‡ib|

AvcxjKvix weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv ‡qi e³e¨ †h wb ©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii cªavb Dc‡ óv c‡  cªavb wePvicwZ ev Aci †Kvb wePvicwZ wb‡qvM cªvß nB‡j wePvi wefv‡Mi fveg~wZ© ¶zbœ nB‡e GB e³‡e¨i mwnZ weÁ A¨vUb©x-†Rbv‡ij wØgZ †cvlY K‡ib, Z‡e wZwb ¯^xKvi K‡ib †h cªavb Dc‡ óv c  Mªn‡Yi my‡hvM _vwKevi Kvi‡YB cªavb wePvicwZ Av‡jvwPZ/mgv‡jvwPZ nb|

14| Amicus Curiae c‡¶ e³e¨ t

(1)      Rbve wU GBP Lvb, wmwbqi G¨vW&†fv‡KU, Zuvnvi hyw³

Z‡K©i cªvi‡¤¢ e‡jb †h nvB‡Kv‡U© 4-8-2004 Zvwi‡L hLb eZ©gvb ZwK©Z ms‡kvab m¤^‡Ü ivq nq ZLbI cÂg ms‡kvab wel‡q ivq nq bvB, nvB‡Kv‡U© D³ ivq nq 29-8-2005 Zvwi‡L I Avcxj wefv‡M ivq nq 1-2-2010 Zvwi‡L|

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1996 mv‡j 15B †deª“qvix Zvwi‡L AbywôZ GKZidv wbe©vP‡bi ci † ‡k cªPÛ Aw¯’iZv Avi¤¢ nB‡j Aa¨vcK W. e i“‡ÏvRv †PŠayix me© Rbve wU.GBP Lvb, Rwgi DwÏb miKvi, L› Kvi gvn&eye DwÏb, mvjvg ZvjyK vi mK‡j wgwjZ nBqv Z˦veavqK miKv‡ii aviYv m„wó K‡ib| wePvicwZ Rbve KzÏym ‡PŠayix AvBbwUi Lmov cª¯—yZ K‡ib|

† ‡k ZLbKvi cªPÛ Aw¯’iZvi ‡cª¶vc‡U ·qv k ms‡kvab AvBbwU cªYqb Kiv RbM‡Yi ¯^v‡_© Aek¨ cª‡qvRbxq nBqv cwoqvwQj| mvb‡› mK†j Zvnv ZLb MªnYI KwiqvwQj| †mB AvBbwUB GLb msweavb cwicwš’ ARynv‡Z A‰ea †NvlYvi †eAvBbx cªv_©Yv Kiv nBqv‡Q ewjqv Rbve Lvb ytL cªKvk K‡ib|

wZwb e‡jb †h msweav‡bi †Kvb ms‡kvab nB‡Z cv‡i bv Ggb e³e¨ KLbB MªnY‡hvM¨ nB‡Z cv‡i bv| MYZš¿ GKwU we‡kl aviYv| Bnv‡K cªK…Z cªùywUZ Kwi‡Z Aš—© „wó D vi I cªmvwiZ Kwi‡Z nq| wbi‡c¶ I ¯^vaxb wbe©vPb e¨wZ‡i‡K MYZš¿ KíbvI Kiv hvq bv| MYZ‡š¿i mwnZ wbe©vPb A½v½xfv‡e RwoZ| MYZš¿‡K cªK…Z i“c v‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vPb engine Gi b¨vq KvR K‡i|

AZtci, weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q Harold Lasky, Sir Ivor Jennings I Sir Winston Churchill nB‡Z MYZ‡š¿i msÁv DׄZ Kwiqv e‡jb †h † ‡ki RbM‡Yi ¯^v‡_© I MYZ‡š¿i ¯^v‡_© ·qv k ms‡kvab msweav‡bi mwnZ mshy³ Kiv nBqvwQj|

MYZš¿ I wbe©vP‡bi K_v ewj‡Z wMqv Rbve Lvb Sir Winston Churchill ‡K DׄZ Kwiqv e‡jbt

“At the bottom of all tributes paid to democracy is the little man, walking into a little booth, with a little pencil, making a little cross on a little bit of paper, no amount of rhetoric or voluminous discussion can possibly diminish the overwhelming importance of the point.”

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ZË¡veavqK  miKvi  e¨e¯’v  KZ  ermi  ejer  _vKv  DwPr  cªkœ Kwi‡j wZwb Zvr¶wYK Reve † b †h cÂvk ermi|

RvZxq  msm  fvwOqv  hvBevi  ci  ciB  ZË¡veavqK  miKvi vwqZ¡ MªnY K‡i|

RvgvZ-B-Bmjvg  j  me  mgqB  ewjqv  Avwmqv‡Q  †h  wbe©vPb Abyôvb Kwievi Rb¨ GKwU cªwZôvb cª‡qvRb GB e³‡e¨i judicial notice jBevi  Rb¨  Rbve  Lvb  AÎ  Av vj‡Zi  wbKU  Av‡e b  Rvbvb| ZvnvQvov,  wZwb  RvZxq  msm  msweavb  ms‡kvab  Kiv  ch©š—  AÎ †gvKvÏgvi ïbvbx ¯’wMZ Kwi‡Z ev Aš—Z ivq ¯’wMZ Kwi‡Z Av‡e b Rvbvb|

gyj msweav‡bi 95 Aby‡”Q‡  ivóªcwZ cªavb wePvicwZi mwnZ civgk© Kwiqv Ab¨vb¨ wePviK‡K mycªxg  †Kv‡U© wb‡qvM cª vb Kwi‡eb ewjqv  weavb  wQj  wKš‘  msweavb  (PZz_©  ms‡kvab)  AvB‡b  wePviK wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î cªavb wePvicwZi  mwnZ civg‡k©i weavb eR©b Kiv nBqv‡Q ewjqv Rbve Lvb wb‡e b K‡ib|

Dcmsnv‡i Rbve wU GBP Lvb nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi  Full Bench Gi ivq envj Ges Avcxj LvwiR Kwievi Rb¨ gZ cªKvk K‡ib|

(2)       W.Kvgvj  †nv‡mb,  wmwbqi  G¨vW&†fv‡KU,  Zuvnvi  e³‡e¨i

cªvi‡¤¢ e‡jb †h GLv‡b msweavb we‡ePbvi Rb¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nBqv‡Q (propounding the Constitution)| Avgv‡ i msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg †gŠwjK bxwZ evOvjx RvZxqZvev Bnvi wfwË|

wZwb e‡jb †h mycªxg †Kv‡U©i wePviK‡ i fxwZ ev AbyMª‡ni D‡a© DwVqv ivq cª vb Kwi‡Z nB‡e| Avgv‡ i ivóªxq Rxe‡b Avgiv A‡bK ytmgq (moments of darkness) AwZevwnZ KwiqvwQ wKš‘ Avgiv KLbB AwePvi MªnY Kwie bv| cwiev‡ii c wª Z, mgv‡Ri cªwZ Avgv‡ i vwqZ¡ iwnqv‡Q, iv‡óªi cªwZ Avgv‡ i mvsweavwbK vwqZ¡ iwnqv‡Q| msweavb mK‡ji Rb¨B Acwinvh©| Avgv‡ i mvsweavwbK g~j¨‡eva iwnqv‡Q| evOvjx RvwZqZvev  A_© AÜ ¯^v‡ wkKZv (Chauvinism) b‡n| Bnv mv¤úª vwqK RvwZqZvev bq| msweavb AZxZ nB‡Z Aby‡cªiYv cvBqv _v‡K| msweavb cª‡YZvMY g~j¨‡eva‡K m¤§vb Kwi‡Zb| msweavb g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dci wfwË Kwiqv iwPZ nBqvwQj, A‡_©i Dci wfwË Kwiqv b‡n| Bnvi GKwU HwZnvwmK gvÎv iwnqv‡Q|

GKB fv‡e MYZ‡š¿iI gyj¨‡eva iwnqv‡Q| msweav‡bi 7 Aby‡”Q  mgMª msweav‡bi kw³ mÂviY Kwiqv‡Q| ÔRbMYÕ (people) k‡ãi A_© Avgv‡ i Abyaveb Kwi‡Z nB‡e| iv‡óªi ¯^v‡_©i mwnZ

e¨w³MZ ¯^v_© mgwb¡Z Kwi‡Z nB‡e|

msweav‡bi GKwU cweÎZv iwnqv‡Q| wbe©vP‡bi bv‡g Ab¨ wKQy NUvb nB‡Z‡Q| cª‡Z¨KwU gvby‡liB A_©, kw³, Pvc, wbcxob I A½xKv‡ii cªfve gy³ Ae¯’vq wb‡Ri cQ› gZ †fvU cª v‡bi AwaKvi iwnqv‡Q|

weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q 1990 mv‡ji 3iv wW‡m¤^‡ii AmvaviY I NUbveûj Ae¯’vi K_v m¥iY Kwiqv e‡jb †h ZLb GKw ‡K mvgwiK kvm‡bi m¤¢vebv Ab¨w ‡K mK‡ji wbKU MªnY‡hvM¨ GKRb wbi‡c¶ ivóªcwZ cª‡qvRb wQj| GBi“c ¸i“Zi mg‡q wePvicwZ mvnveywÏb Avn‡g A¯’vqx ivóªcwZi vwqZ¡fvi MªnY K‡ib| AZtci, msweavb I ivóª i¶v Kwievi ¯^v‡_© msweav‡bi GKv k I Øv k ms‡kvab Kiv nq|

wKš‘ gv¸iv Dc-wbe©vPb GKwU DcvL¨vb, Bnv mKj wek¡vm‡hvM¨Zv nvivq| hvwš¿K fv‡e msweavb AbymiY Kwi‡j ewj‡Z nq †h GKwU ivR‰bwZK j msL¨v Mwiô †fvU cvBqv Dc-wbe©vPbwU‡Z

Rq jvf Kwiqv‡Q| wKš‘ cªK…Z c‡¶ Bnv GKwU bvggvÎ wbe©vPb wQj †hLv‡b  10%  †fvUviMYI  Ask  MªnY  K‡i  bvB|  Bnv  wQj  GKwU AwZkq  ¸i“Zi  Ae¯’v  †hLv‡b  msweav‡bi  cweÎZv  Ges  MYZvwš¿K

g~j¨‡eva †jvc cvBqvwQj|

GBi“c  cwiw¯’wZ‡Z  GKwU  ZË¡veavqK  miKvi  gvidr  wbe©vPb Abyôvb Kwievi aviYv Rb¥jvf K‡i KviY wbe©vPb Kwgkb myôy wbe©vPb Abyôvb Kwi‡Z evi evi e¨_© nBqv‡Q|

msweavb GKwU Rxeš— wjj| Bnv †Kvb AcwikxwjZ ev hvwš¿K Mªb’Yv b‡n|

msweav‡bi 7 Aby‡”Q cªwZwbwaZ¡kxj MYZ‡š¿i aviYv ev¯—evqb Kwiqv‡Q| 1996 mv‡j lô RvZxq msm msweavb (·qv k ms‡kvab) AvBb wewae× K‡i|

·qv k ms‡kva‡bi wfwˇZ mv‡eK cªavb wePvicwZ Gg GBP ingvb cªavb Dc‡ óv nb Ges Zuvnvi †bZ…‡Z¡ 23-6-1996 Zvwi‡L mßg RvZxq msm wbe©vwPZ nq|

‡Kvb  ivR‰bwZK  j‡K  evuPv‡bvi  Rb¨  bq,  msweavb‡K  i¶v Kwievi Rb¨ ·qv k ms‡kvab cª‡qvRb nBqvwQj| Bnv Qvov ZLb Avi  †Kvb  DcvqI  wQj  bv  Ges  Zvnv  Kiv  nBqvwQj  mKj  ‡ji gZvbymv‡i|

GB ch©v‡q weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q Professor Amartya Sen wjwLZ ‘The Argumentative Indian’ Mª‡š’i 12-13 c„ôvi  KZKvsk cwoqv †kvbvb Ges e‡jb †h mK‡ji m‡½ Av‡jvPbvB ZË¡veavqK miKvi aviYvi

†hŠw³K wfwË| ZvnvQvov, msweav‡bi 7 Aby‡”Q †emvgwiK kvm‡bi aviYvB † q|

MYZš¿ m¤^‡Ü ewj‡Z wMqv W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb e‡jb Bnv ïaygvÎ GKwU e¨vjU ev· I GKwU †fv‡Ui e¨vcvi bq| Zvnvi †_‡KI A‡bK wKQy †ekx| Bnv ïay msL¨v Mwi‡ôi welq bq| GKwU MYZ‡š¿ mKj RbM‡Yi  e³e¨  _vwK‡Z  cv‡i|  GgbwK  kZKiv  GKfvM  †jv‡KiI K_v ejvi AwaKvi Av‡Q, Zvnv‡ iI e³e¨ _vwK‡Z cv‡i|

   1948 mv‡j Z vbxš—b igbv †im‡Kvm© gq v‡b cvwK¯—v‡bi cª_g MfY©i †Rbv‡ij Rbve Gg G wRbœvni e³„Zv cªm½ D‡j−L Kwiqv weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q e‡jb †h hLb wZwb D y©B cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóª fvlv nB‡e ewjqv †NvlYv K‡ib ZLb XvKv wek¡we ¨vj‡qi K‡qK Rb QvÎ Ôbv bvÕ ewjqv wPrKvi Kwiqv D‡V| D³ cªwZev B wQj hvnv mwVK I b¨vq, Zvnvi GKwU my› i m~Pbv| MYZvwš¿K Av‡› vjb memg‡qB kvwš—c~Y© nIqv DwPr| miKvi MYgva¨g wbqš¿Y Kwi‡Z Pvwn‡jI RbM‡Yi e³e¨B kªeY Kiv DwPr|

h_vh_ wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z myôy wbi‡c¶ wbe©vPb m¤¢e b‡n, d‡j MYZš¿ weKwkZ nB‡e bv|

MYcªRvZvwš¿KZv m¤^‡Ü weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q e‡jb †h msweavb (·qv k ms‡kvab) AvBb, wKfv‡e msweav‡bi MYcªRvZvwš¿K PwiÎ ¶zbœ K‡i Zvnv eywS‡Z wZwb A¶g|

wbe©vPb Abyôvb inm¨gwÛZ nq KviY mK‡jB ¶gZvi Ace¨envi K‡i| Z‡e wZwb e‡jb †h Avgiv mvgwiK kvmb Pvwn bv, eiÂ, myôy I wbi‡c¶ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g wZwb bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZvi †kªôZ¡ vex K‡ib|

weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q msweav‡bi Pvi g~jbxwZ D‡j¬L KiZt wb‡e b K‡ib †h Bnvi AwZmijxKiY cwiZ¨vR¨| cªK…Z gg©e¯—y nB‡Z‡Q mZ¨Kvi g~j¨‡eva, BnvB wPi¯’vqx|

Dr. Ambedkar Gi K_v D†j−L Kwiqv wZwb e‡jb †h mvgvwRK MYZš¿, mgvRZš¿, mgZv, m¤§v‡bi mwnZ mgAwaKvi GB¸wjB nB‡Z‡Q msweav‡bi cªK…Z g~jbxwZ|

weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q wb‡e b K‡ib †h msweavb mwnsmZv eR©b Kwiqv kvwš—cyY© fv‡e mgZv ¯’vcb K‡i|

 iLv¯—Kvix c‡¶ DÌvwcZ e³e¨ †h ZwK©Z ms‡kvabx MYZvwš¿K aviYv aŸsm Kwiqv‡Q Zvnv LÛb Kwiqv wZwb e‡jb †h D³ e³e¨ GKwU ‡m−vMvb eB Avi wKQyB b‡n|

wZwb e‡jb †h ZË¡veavqK miKvi wbe©vPb Kwgkb‡K mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i djkª“wZ‡Z wbe©vPb A‡bK †ekx myôy I wbi‡c¶ nq| ZË¡veavqK miKvi e¨wZ‡i‡K †fvUvi‡ i cQ› gZ †fvU cª v‡bi ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K bv| wbe©vP‡b A‡_©i GKwU weivU f~wgKv _v‡K| ivR‰bwZK j¸wj‡Z g‡bvbqb µq-weµq nq, GgbwK g‡bvqb jBqv wbjv‡gi b¨vq Ae¯’v nq| wZwb e‡jb †h GgbwK cywjk evwnbxI wbe©vPb Kwgkb‡K cª‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv cª vb K‡i bv|

wZwb 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb‡K m¥iY Kwiqv e‡jb †h ZLb wbe©vP‡b g‡bvbqb wbjv‡g DwVZ bv wKš‘ GLb yb©xwZ GKwU we‡kl ûgwK e‡U| wZwb e‡jb †h g‡bvbqb cªwµqvi ¯^”QZv wbwðZ Kiv AwZkq cª‡qvRbxq| ivR‰bwZK j¸wji wbR¯^ jxq e¨e¯’vcbv‡ZI ¯^”QZv cª‡qvRb hvnv‡Z RbmvaviY ivR‰bwZK j¸wj‡Z mZZv I MYZš¿ iwnqv‡Q †m m¤^‡Ü wbwðZ nIqv hvq|

wZwb AviI e‡jb †h 2006 mv‡j mycªxg †Kv‡U©i GKRb wePviK‡K cªavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi wnmv‡e wb‡qvM cª vb Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z GK †KvwU wÎk j¶ fzqv †fvUvi aiv c‡o|

eZ©gv‡b wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi Avav-‰ePvwiK I Rbk„•Ljv i¶vi ¶gZv iwnqv‡Q Z‡e ¶gZv AviI e„w× Kwievi cª‡qvRb iwnqv‡Q ewjqv weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q g‡b K‡ib| ·qv k ms‡kva‡bi c‡i wb¯úwËK…Z Masder Hossain  †gvKvÏgvq AvB‡bi kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvi cª‡qvRbxqZvi K_v ejv nBqv‡Q ewjqv wZwb Rvbvb| wePvi wefv‡MiI GKwU mwµq f~wgKvi c ‡ª qvRb iwnqv‡Q ewjqv wZwb g‡b K‡ib|

(3)              Rbve iwdK Dj nK, wmwbqi G¨vW&†fv‡KU, Zuvnvi wjwLZ

hyw³ZK© DÌvcb Kwiqv e‡jb †h 1994 mv‡j gv¸iv Dcwbev©Pb cieZ©x Ri“ix Ae¯’vi ‡cª¶vc‡U RvZxq msm 1996 mv‡j GKwU j wbi‡c¶ ZË¡veavqK miKvi c×wZ msweav‡bi PZz_© fv‡M 2q cwi‡”Q‡ i c‡i 2K cwi”Q wnmv‡e ms‡hvRb K‡i|

weÁ  G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q  e‡jb  †h  RvZxq  msm  fvwOqv hvBevi  ci  wbe©vPb  Abyôvb  Kwievi  Rb¨  Avgv‡ i  msweav‡bB  GK ai‡bi ZË¡veavqK miKvi c×wZ we ¨gvb iwnqv‡Q wbe©vPb Abyôvb bv nIqv  ch©š—  Ges  b~Zb  cªavbgš¿x  Kvh©fvi  MªnY  bv  Kiv  ch©š— msweav‡bi  56(4)  I  57(3)  Aby‡”Q‡ i  Aax‡b  msm  m m¨  I cªavbgš¿x  ¯^xq  c‡  envj  _v‡Kb|  GB  c×wZ‡KB  GK  ai‡bi ZË¡veavqK  miKvi  ejv  hvq|  wKš‘  1996  mv‡j  AZ¨š—  m¼Ugq cwiw¯’wZ‡Z  wb ©jxq  ZË¡veavqK  miKvi  c×wZ  cªeZ©b  Kiv  nq| RvZxq  msm‡ i  wbe©vPb  Abyôv‡b  RbMY  Z vbxš—b  miKv‡ii  Dci Av¯’v  nvivBqv  †dwjqvwQj  weavq  wb ©jxq  ZË¡veavqK  miKvi  MVb Kwievi cª¯—ve Kiv nBqvwQj| H  mgq evsjv‡ k RvZxqZvev x j ¶gZvmxb  wQj|  RvZxq  msm‡  GKwU  myô~  I  wbi‡c¶  wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi  Rb¨  Ab¨vb¨  ivR‰bwZK  ‡ji  c¶  nB‡Z  GKwU  wb ©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKvi ¯’vc‡bi vex  wQj| mKj ivR‰bwZK j wb ©jxq ZË¡veavqK  miKvi  e¨e¯’v  Z‡Z¡  GKgZ  nIqvq  mswk−ó  AvBbwU wewae×  Kiv  nq|  H  mgq  wb ©jxq ZË¡veavqK  miKvi  e¨e¯’vi cª‡qvRb wQj wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Bnvi ¸i“Z¡ ev cª‡qvRb dzivBqv wMqv‡Q wKbv  ZvnvB  we‡ePbvi  welq|  wb ©jxq  ZË¡veavqK  miKvi  aviYv msweav‡bi g~j ¯Z¤¢¸wji mwnZ mvsNwl©K ewjqv mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nq| cª_gZt wb ©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKvi  Awbe©vwPZ e¨w³‡ i Øviv MwVZ, wØZxqZt †h‡nZz, me©‡kl Aemi cªvß cªavb wePvicwZ cªavb Dc‡ óv nB‡eb, †m‡nZz Bnv wePvi wefv‡Mi fveg~wZ© ¶ybœ Kwi‡Z cv‡i|

weÁ  G¨vW&†fv‡KU  g‡nv q  wb‡e b  K‡ib  †h  cªv_wgK  ch©v‡q wb ©jxq  ZË¡veavqK  miKvi  mvd‡j¨i  mwnZ  Bnvi  vwqZ¡  cvjb KwiqvwQj| wKš‘ me©‡kl 1/11 (2007  mvj) NUbvi cªvi‡¤¢ wb ©jxq ZË¡veavqK  miKv‡ii  bv‡g  ivóªcwZ  wb‡RB  wb‡R‡K  cªavb  Dc‡ óv wb‡qvM K‡ib Ges mvgwiK evwnbxi wb‡ ©‡k cieZ©x‡Z Zvnv cwieZ©b K‡ib|  weÁ  G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q  m¤¢eZ  2007-2008  mv‡ji Z˦veavqK miKv‡ii mg‡qi K_v ewjqv Avkv cªKvk K‡ib †h Bnv

Avi KLbI cybive„wË nB‡e bv Ges ZvnvQvov wb ©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKvi m¤§‡Ü mveavbZvi K_v e‡jb|

AZci, weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi Full Bench Gi ivq Av‡jvPbv KiZt e‡jb †h 1996 mv‡j †h wb ©jxq Z˦veavqK miKvi c×wZi cª‡qvRb Abyf~Z nBqvwQj, cwieZ©xZ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Zvnv Pvjy _vwK‡e wKbv ZvnvB GLb cªkœ| ZwK©Z ms‡kvabwU †Kvb ms‡kvab bq Full Bench Gi †Kvb ‡Kvb weÁ wePvi‡Ki GB g‡Zi mwnZ wØgZ †cvlY Kwiqv wZwb e‡jb †h ·qv k ms‡kvab Aek¨B msweav‡bi GKwU ms‡kvabx wKš‘, wZwb e‡jb †h cªkœ nB‡Z‡Q †h D³ ms‡kvabx msweav‡bi ‡Kvb basic structure ¶zbœ Kwiqv‡Q wKbv A_ev eZ©gvb †cª¶vc‡U GB c×wZi cª‡qvRbxqZv I ¸i“Z¡ ¶ybœ nBqv‡Q wKbv ZvnvB we‡eP¨|

weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q e‡jb †h hw I ·qv k ms‡kva‡bi ci A‡bK w b AwZevwnZ nBqv‡Q wKš‘ myôy I wbi‡c¶ wbe©vPb, hvnv GKwU MYcªRvZvwš¿K iv‡óªi Rb¨ GKvš— Acwinvh©, Zvnv msweav‡b i¶Y Kiv GLbI cª‡qvRb iwnqv‡Q|

Z‡e ·qv k ms‡kvab AvB‡b wb ©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKv‡i cªavb wePvicwZ I Ab¨vb¨ wePviKM‡Yi cªavb Dc‡ óv wnmv‡e wb‡qv‡Mi weav‡bi Kvi‡Y RbM‡Yi g‡b m‡ev©”P Av vjZ nB‡Z ¯^vaxb, b¨vh¨ I wbi‡c¶ wm×vš— cª v‡bi e¨vcv‡i RbM‡Yi g‡b Avk¼vi D‡ ªK nB‡Z cv‡i|

weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q Avk¼v cªKvk K‡ib †h Avgiv Avgv‡ i ˆeVKLvbvq Av‡jvPbv Kwi ‡h †Kvb& cªavb wePvicwZ ev wePvicwZ whwb me©‡kl Aemicªvß cªavb wePvicwZ nB‡eb wZwb wbi‡c¶ fv‡e Zuvnvi vwqZ¡ cvjb Kwi‡Z‡Qb bv A_ev †Kvb& wePvicwZ Kvnv‡K AwZµg Kwi‡Z‡Qb (Supersede) hvnv‡Z wZwb me©‡kl Aemicªvß cªavb wePvicwZ nBqv wb ©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKvi cªavb

nB‡Z cv‡ib| GB ai‡bi Avk¼v m‡e v© ”P Av vj‡Zi cªwZ RbM‡Yi m¤§vb‡eva ¶zbœ Kwi‡Z cv‡i| †h mKj wePviKM‡Yi me©‡kl cªavb wePvicwZ nBevi m¤¢ebv iwnqv‡Q Zuvnviv nq‡Zv GB c‡ i Rb¨ G‡Kev‡iB cªfvweZ bb wKš‘ RbM‡Yi g‡b GB Avk¼v memgq _vwK‡Z cv‡i †h wePvicwZ ‘X’ ¶gZvkxb ‡ji ¯^v_© msi¶Y Kwi‡Z‡Qb KviY wZwb cªavb wePvicwZ Ges mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e© me©‡kl Aemicªvß cªavb wePvicwZ nB‡Z Pv‡nb| cªK…Z c‡¶ Bnv cªZxqgvb nq †h Avcxj wefv‡Mi GKRb ‡Rô¨ wePvicwZ‡K AwZµg Kiv nBqvwQj Ges GKRb Kwbô wePviK‡K cªavb wePvicwZ wb‡qvM Kiv nq| Bnv nq‡Zv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †hvM¨Zvi wfwˇZ nB‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ RbMY g‡b K‡i, †h miKvi ¶gZvq Av‡Q Rbve ‘X’ cªavb Dc‡ óv wnmv‡e Zvnv‡ i cwiKíbv mdj Kwi‡e, myZivs ‘X’ hvnvi Dci jxq e¨w³i“‡c Zvnv‡ i Av¯’v I wek¡vm iwnqv‡Q, wZwb ‘Y’ †K AwZµg (Supersede) K‡ib| RbM‡Yi g‡b GB ai‡bi Avk¼v MªnY‡hvM¨ bq, Kvg¨I bq|

weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q e‡jb †h Z‡e wb ©jxq I ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii GLbI cª‡qvRbxqZv iwnqv‡Q, KviY ¶gZvkxj j ev cªavb we‡ivax j mwVK c‡_ AvPiY Kwi‡Z‡Qb bv| †Kvbiƒc m¤§vb‡eva e¨wZ‡i‡K Zvnviv ci¯úi‡K mgv‡jvPbv Kwi‡Z‡Qb| weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q Avk¼v cªKvk K‡ib †h Bnv AwZkq cwi¯‹vi ‡h hw m‡e©v”P Av vjZ ·qv k ms‡kvab‡K A‰ea †NvlYv K‡i, Zvnv nB‡j evsjv‡ k RvZxqZvev x j wbe©vP‡b Ask MªnY Kwi‡e bv | wZwb Aek¨ g‡b K‡ib †h wePviK‡ i cªavb Dc‡ óv ev Dc‡ óv nIqv DwPr bq|

weÁ G¨vW&†fv‡KU g‡nv q G m¤ú‡K© wbæwjwLZ PviwU cª¯—ve

K‡ib t

(i)                          Before dissolution or expiry of Parliament, the party in power and the opposition party in the Parliament shall nominate 3 or 5 persons each whom they think are eligible to become Chief Adviser or Adviser of the Non-party Caretaker Government.

(ii)                       Three retiring last Chief Justices of Bangladesh shall nominate one of them from the panel of persons nominated as above to be the Chief Adviser.

(iii)                     The Chief Adviser should then request the party in power and the opposition party to suggest names from whom he can appoint Advisers of the Non-party Caretaker Government. Both parties may give 10 names each and from these 20 names the Chief Adviser shall appoint the advisers of the Non-party Caretaker Government. May be there are common names.

(iv)                      And it should be clearly stated that the Non-party Caretaker Government shall complete the election of the Parliament within 90 days from the dissolution of Parliament. This is required to be mentioned so that 1/11 is not repeated.

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