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®k, ¢iL¢Vj LaѪL fËbj ¢XHeH ®VØV fËaÉ¡MÉ¡e Ll¡ q−mJ ¢àa£u ¢XHeH ®V−ØVl  ®hm¡u ¢iL¢Vj ®L¡e e¡l¡¢S ®ce¢ez EJ² ¢XHeH ®Vø ¢l−f¡®VÑ NiÑS¡a ¢nö¢Vl ¢fa¡ HC A¢i−k¡NL¡l£ eu j−jÑ E−õM B−Rz g−m, ¢a¢e HCi¡−h Efpwq¡l V¡−ee ®k, j¡jm¡¢V p−¾cq¡a£ai¡−h fËj¡¢ea e¡ qJu¡u VÊ¡Ch¤e¡m ¢hQ¡¢lL Bc¡ma kb¡kbi¡−h Eq¡ M¡¢lS L−l Bp¡j£−L EJ²

A¢i−k¡N ®b−L AhÉq¢ac¡e L−lez g−m, Aœ l²−ml ®L¡e ®j¢lV e¡C Hhw

Eq¡ M¡¢lS q−h j−jÑ ¢a¢e B−hce L−lez

10z Bjl¡ Eiu f−rl ¢h‘ BCeS£¢hN−Zl hJ²hÉ öem¡j Hhw e¢bfœpq ¢ejÀ Bc¡m−al fËcš l¡uJ B−cn fkÑ¡−m¡Qe¡ L®l ®cMm¡jz

11z Bjl¡ fËb−jC HV¡ p¡hÉÙ¹ Ll−a Q¡C ®k, HL¢V HL¡Êf¡VÑ ¢l−f¡VÑ, ab¡ ¢XHeH ®Vø ¢l−f¡VÑ¢V fËn¡p−el c¡ui¡l (burden of proof) L¡l

Efl haÑ¡uz HC j¡jm¡u ®L¡e fr ®b−LC ¢X|He|H ®Vø ¢l−f¡VÑ¢V fËj¡¢Za e¡ q−m l¡u¢V ¢hh¡c£l ¢hf−r k¡−hz g−m, ü¡rÉ BCe, 1872 Hl 102 d¡l¡

®j¡a¡−hL L¢ba ¢X|He|H| ¢l−f¡VÑ fËj¡−Zl c¡u-i l ¢Rm ¢hh¡c£l Eflz

k¡q¡ ¢hh¡c£ f¢lf¡me (discharg) Ll−a hÉ¡bÑz

L¢ba ¢l−f¡VÑ¢V ¢k¢e ¢c−u−Re a¡−L ü¡r£ ¢q−p−h q¡¢Sl Ll¡ qu e¡Cz g−m,

HC ¢l−f¡VÑ¢V AfË¡¢ea −b−L k¡u Hhw Eq¡ BCeax fËj¡Z ¢q−p−h NËqe−k¡NÉ

euz HCl²f ®r−œ ¢iL¢Vj e¡l¡S£ ¢c®u−Re ¢L ®ce e¡Cz Eq¡ HLV¡ Ah¡¿¹l J AfËpw¢NL fËnÀz L¡lZ, e¡'l¡S£ clM¡Ù¹ −cu¡ h¡ e¡ ®cu¡l ¡ Ll−Z Eq¡ fËj¡−Zl

c¡u-i¡l q−a ¢hh¡c£ j¤J² eez hlw Eq¡ fËj¡e L¢l−a ¢a¢e hÉ¡bÑ qez Hje¢L,

I ¢l−f¡VÑ¢Vl Efl ¢eiÑl L−l ®g±Sc¡l£ L¡kÑ¢h¢dl 342 d¡l¡u ¢a¢e ¢e−S−L ¢e−cÑ¡o fËj¡−el SeÉ h¡ BaÈfr pjbÑe ®L¡e fc−rf

®ee e¡Cz 

12z ¢h−no‘ ¢l−f¡VÑ aM¢e fËj¡e ¢qp¡−h Nªq£a q−h kMe ¢a¢e Bc¡m−a

q¡¢Sl q−u Eq¡l ¢hou hÙº Hhw Eq¡−a fËcš ü¡rl fËj¡e Ll−he Hhw ®Sl¡l

SeÉ q¡¢Sl b¡¢L−hez  "¢h−no‘' hÉ¢J²l ¢l−f¡VÑ a¡l Ae¤f¢Øq¢a−aJ phÑ¡hØq¡u NËqZ Ll−a q−h BC−el HCl²f hÉ¡MÉ¡ HL¢V ¢hL«a hÉ¡MÉ¡, k¡

ü¡rÉ BC−el E−ŸnÉ J ¢hd¡−el p¡−b p¡wO¢oÑLz ®Lhmj¡œ Efk¤J² ®r−œ Bc¡m−al kb¡bÑ ¢h−hQe¡u HCl²f ¢l−f¡VÑ HL¢V corroborate

evidence ¢q−p−h NËqZ Ll¡ ®k−a f¡−lz ¢L¿º HC j¡jm¡l OVe¡ J a¢LÑa ¢ho−ul Afl¡−dl …l²aÄ ¢h−hQe¡u ®g±Sc¡l£ L¡kÑ¢h¢d 1898 Hl p¤−k¡N l−u−R ¢hd¡u ®pC p¤−k¡N HC Bp¡j£−L ®cu¡ k¡−h e¡z 

13z H¢V ®kj e p¢WL ®k, doÑZ j¡jm¡u ¢i L¢Vj hÉa£a Af l¡f l f ËaÉr

ü¡r É-fËj¡Z HC dl−el j¡jm¡u fËaÉ¡n¡ Ll¡ k¡u e¡, acl²f HC dl−el

j¡jm¡u  ®c¡o£p¡hÉÙ¹ Ll¡J   L¢Wez  g−m,  ¢i L¢V−jl  p¡−r Él  …ZNaj¡e

Hhw ¢ei Ñl−k¡NÉa¡l ¢hou¢V ®hn NËl²aÄf§ZÑz HC ¢ho−u ü¡r É A¡C−el 134

d¡l¡ Eܪa Ll¡ f Ë¡p¢‰Lz ü¡r É BC−el 134 d¡l¡ Ae¤k¡u£ ¢f X¢hÔE-1 Hl

HL Sh¡eh¾c£ ¢hnÄ¡p−k¡NÉ q−m a¡l ¢i ¢š−aC −c¡o£ p¡hÉÙ¹ Ll¡ k¡u Hhw n¡¢Ù¹

fËc¡e Ll¡ k¡uz

14z  k¡−q¡L, ¢ejÀ Bc¡m−al eb£−a lr£a ü¡r-fËj¡e fkÑ¡−m¡Qe¡ L−l

Bjl¡ −c¢M−a f¡C ®k, 1-4 p¡r£l Sh¡eh¾c£ à¡l¡ Bp¡j£l ¢hl²−Ü B¢ea

A¢i−k¡N p−¾cq¡a£ai¡−h fËj¡¢Za q−u−Rz

15z 1ew p¡r£ HC j¡jm¡l ¢iL¢Vj, e¡Sj¡ BJ²¡l, AaÉ¡¿¹ p¡hm£mi¡−h

Bp¡j£l ¢hl²−Ü B¢ea A¢i−k¡N fËj¡Z L−l Sh¡eh¢¾c ¢cu¡−Rez H¢V fËj¡−Zl

c¡u-i¡l (burden of proof) a¡l Efl ¢Rm, k¡q¡ ü¡rÉ BC−el 101

d¡l¡l hÉ¡MÉ¡ (L) ®b−L ®h¡dNjÉz ¢a¢e l¡øÊ f−rl 1ew ¡ pr£ ¢qp¡−h p¤Öføi¡−h h−m−Re- Bo¡t j¡−pl 18 a¡¢l−M n¢eh¡l l¡a euV¡l pju OVe¡z

Bp¡j£ Bj¡l h¡s£−a Bp¡ k¡Ju¡ Ll−R Hhw h¡µQ¡ S¾j ¢c−u−Rz Bj¡−L eø

Ll−a ®Q−u−Rz Bj¡−L ¢hh¡q Ll−a −Q−u−Rz A¡j¡−L ¢h−ul fË−m¡ie ¢c−u ¢e−u k¡u, ÚN¡s£l l¡Ù¹¡l ¢e−Q Bj¡−L ®j−l ®gm−a Q¡uz HC

j¡jm¡  B¢j  Ll¢Rz  Eq¡  Bj¡l  HS¡q¡l  fËcne£Ñ-1,  Eq¡−a  Bj¡l  ü¡rl 1(L)(M)(N) ¢qp¡−h ¢Q¢q²a Ll¡ q®m¡z''

16z  acl²f, ¢f|X¢hÔE- 2, ¢iL¢V−jl ¢fa¡ l¢gL¥m a¡l Sh¡e h¾c£−a

E−õM L−le ®k, ""Bp¡j£ Bj¡l ®j−u−L eø L−l−Rz Bp¡j£−L ¢e−od ®cJu¡

p−aÅJ a¡l ®j−u−L eø L−l−Rz a¡−L doÑZ L−l−Rz'' ¢f|X¢hÔ- 3 j¢cm¡ M¡a¥e, ¢a¢e OVe¡Øqm fËj¡e L−l−Re Hhw ¢iL¢V−jl p¡−b Bp¡j£l ®~c¢qL pÇfÑ−Ll L¡l−Z p¿¹¡e q−u−R a¡ fËj¡e L−l−Rz a¡q¡l¡ Ei−u ¢f|X¢hÔE-1−L

pjbÑe L−lez

17z  Afl f−r ®Sl¡l pju Bp¡j£l f−r HV¡ fËj¡Z Ll¡l ®Qø¡ Ll¡ qu

®k, ¢XHeH ®VØV ¢l−f¡VÑ Ae¤k¡u£ i¨¢jø p¿¹¡e Bp¡j£l euz L¢ba ¢XHeH

®VØV ®k AfËj¡¢ea Hhw Cq¡l ®L¡e ü¡rNa j§mÉ e¡C, a¡ Bjl¡ Ef−l B−m¡Qe¡ L−l¢Rz Cq¡R¡s¡, Bp¡j£ 342 d¡l¡u ¢e−S−L ¢e−cÉo fËj¡−Zl SeÉ

®L¡e fc−rf ®ee e¡C h¡ ®L¡e p¡g¡C ü¡r£ ¢c−u ¢XHeH ¢l−f¡VÑ¢V fËj¡e

Ll¡l ®L¡e E−cÉ¡N ®ee e¡C, ü¡rÉ BC−el 102 d¡l¡l ¢hd¡e Ae¤k¡u£ k¡l c¡u-i¡l ¢Rmz HLRœi¡−h Bp¡j£l Efl Hhw Eq¡ fËj¡Z ®b−L ¢hla b¡L¡u ü¡rÉ BC−el 114 (¢S) d¡l¡l Ae¤j¡e (presumption) Bp¡j£l ¢hf−r k¡uz Cq¡R¡s¡, Bp¡j£ fr LaѪL Øq¡e£u ¢h−l¡d¢V ¢eÖf¢š Ll¡l NËq−Zl E−cÉ¡NJ HLV¡ f¡¢lf¡¢nÑL ü¡rÉ, k¡ h¡c£l j¡jm¡−L jSh¤a L−lz

18z HaàÉ¡a£a, h¡c£l ¢fa¡-j¡a¡ ab¡ ¢f|X¢hÔE-2 Hhw ¢f|X¢hÔE-3 Sh¡eh¾c£ mrÉ Ll−m ®cM¡ k¡u ®k, a¡−cl ü¡rÉ h¡ Sh¡eh¾c£l j§m OVe¡l p¡−b pÇfªJ² Hhw I OVe¡l d¡l¡h¡¢qLa¡l HL¢V Awnz g−m, a¡q¡−cl Sh¡eh¾c£ ü¡rÉ BC−el 06 d¡l¡l ¢hd¡e Ae¤k¡u£ fË¡p¢‰L J ¢h−hQÉ h−Vz 19z VÊ¡Ch¤e¡−m Ef¡Øq¡¢fa p¡rÉ fËj¡Z üa¿»i¡−h j§ É¡ue Ll¡ q−m¡z H ®b−L ®cM¡ k¡u ®k, A¢ik¤−J²l ¢hl²−Ü Be¡ A¢i−k¡N¢V p−¾cq¡a£ai¡−h fËj¡¢ea q−u−Rz VÊ¡Ch¤e¡−ml ¢hQ¡lL fË−k¡SÉ C−el j¡ec−äl B−m¡−L HC j¡jm¡u Ef¢Øqa p¡rÉ fËj¡−el j§mÉ¡u−e j¡l¡aÈL i¥m L−l−Re Hhw ac−qa¥ i¥m l¡u ¢c−u−Re Hhw i¥m B−cn ¢c−u−Re, k¡' lc J l¢qa qC−hz

20z E−õMÉ, −k ¢h−no A¡C−e Bf £−ml ¢hd¡e b¡L¡ p−aÄJ ¢h−no a¡j¡¢cl L¡l−Z HLSe ®c¡o£p¡hÉÙ¹ hÉ¢J² Bf£m Ll¡l p¤−k¡N ®b−L h¢’ a q−u ®g±Sc¡l£ L¡kÑ¢h¢dl 561H d¡l¡u ®k pLm j¡j m¡ L−le ®p pLm j¡jm¡l, ®g±Sc¡l£ L¡kÑ¢h¢dl 561H d¡l¡u q¡C−L¡VÑ j §max ü¡r É-fËj¡Z j §mÉ¡ue Hhw BCeNa ¢cL pj§q, ab¡ OVe¡Na Hhw BCeNa Ei u ¢hou, ¢h−hQe¡u B−ee Hhw L¡kÑax Bf£m Bc¡m−al i ¨¢jL¡u Aha£ZÑ qez g−m,

Bf £−ml ¢hLÒf ¢q®p−h ®g±Sc¡l£ L¡kÑ¢h¢dl 561H d¡l¡u c¡−ulL«a HCl²f j¡jm¡l  ®r −œ  q¡C−L¡VÑ ¢hi ¡N  ¢eSü  ja¡ja  hÉ¡J²  Ll−a  f¡−le (substitute the trial court opinion by it’s own), k¡' 561H d¡l¡u c¡−ulL«a AeÉ¡eÉ j¡j m¡®a Ll¡ k¡u e¡z 

21z hlw, H−r−œ Boni judicis est ampliare  jurisdiction' HC e£¢a fË−k¡SÉ q−hz L¡lZ, Bc¡m−al ¢hQ¡l fË¢H²u¡ ®L¡e k¡¢¿»L fË¢H²u¡ euz eÉ¡u ¢hQ¡l L¡−uj Ll¡ ¢hQ¡l hÉhØq¡l j§m mrÉz

22z “Boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem,” HC j§me£¢al hJ²hÉ q−m¡, ʽIt is the part of a good Judge to enlarge his jurisdiction, i.e. remedial authorityʾ.

23z  H R¡s¡, 561 H d¡l¡l fË¡l−ñ ‘Nothing in this Code shall be

deemed to limit or effect the inherent power of the High

Court Division’ HC në…µR p¤ÖføC fË¢a¢ùa L−l ®k, eÉ¡u ¢hQ¡−ll ü¡−bÑ ®k ®L¡e l¡u h¡ A¡−cn fËc¡e Ll¡l fË−u¡Se q−m ®p®r−œ ®g±Sc¡l£ L¡kÑ¢h¢dl Bf£m Hhw ¢l¢in−el ¢hd¡e pq AeÉœ ¢hdªa ¢hd¡e pj§q Bc¡m−al A¿¹¢eÑ¢qa rja¡−L ®L¡ei¡−h MhÑ h¡ p£¢ja h¡ ¢h¢OÀa Ll−he¡z

®pC A−bÑ B¢fm Bc¡m−al p¡jNË£L rja¡pq eÉ¡u ¢hQ¡l L¡−u−jl SeÉ

kb¡kb l¡u J B−cn fËc¡−el A¿¹¢eÑ¢qa rja¡ q¡C−L¡VÑ ¢hi¡−Nl l−u−Rz a−h,

HLC pj−u pj¡¿¹l¡m h¡ ¢hLÒf HM¢au¡−ll ¢hcÉj¡e b¡L¡L¡−m 561H d¡l¡l

BnËu NËq−el p¤−k¡N b¡−L e¡z]

24z  AaHh,  Bj¡−cl  p¤¢Q¢¿¹a  ja¡ja  HC  ®k,  561H  d¡l¡u  ‘no

evidence’  −qa¥−a  ®ki ¡−h  HL¢V  l¡u  lc  J  l¢qa  Ll¡  k¡u,  acl²f 

‘adequate evidence’ HC ®qa¥−a Hhw "to secure the ends of

justice’ HC m−r É M¡m¡p f Ë¡ç Bp¡j£−L ®c¡o£ p¡hÉÙ¹H²−j cä¡−l¡f L−l

a¡−L n¡¢Ù¹ fËc¡e Ll¡ k¡uz a−h, H−r −œ ®g±Sc¡l£ L¡kÑ¢h¢dl 561H d¡l¡

Hhw M¡m¡−nl B−c−nl ¢hl²−Ü Bf£m h¡ "appeal from an order of

acquital' Hl ¢hd¡e, ab¡ 423 d¡l¡ Hl Ef d¡l¡u (1) Hl cg¡ (L)

Ae¤plZ£u qC−hz AbÑ¡v, 561H avpq 423 (1) d¡l¡¢V f ¢Wa qC−hz

25z HC j¡jm¡¢V f§ex ¢hQ¡−ll SeÉ ¢ejÀ Bc¡m−a ®fËl−Zl ®L¡e L¡lZ

®eC, ®k−qa¥ e¢b−a l¢ra ü¡rÉ fËj¡e BCe¡e¤N ¢pÜ¡−¿¹ A¡p¡l SeÉ fkÑ¡çz

Cq¡R¡s¡, 2006 p¡−m c¡−ulL«a j¡jm¡¢V ¢hm¢ða e¡ L−l Bp¡j£l pwO¢Wa

Afl¡−dl B−m¡L a¡l n¡¢Ù¹ ¢e¢ÕQa Ll¡ fË−u¡Sez

26z Ef−l¡J² ¢hQ¡l ¢h−nÔoZ J fkÑ¡−m¡Qe¡l B−m¡−L Bjl¡ Aœ l²−ml

®j¢lV l−u−R h®m p¡hÉÙ¹ L¢lm¡j Hhw l²m¢V Hh−p¡¢mEV L−l kb¡kb l¡u J

B−cn fËc¡e qJu¡ h¡’e£uz

B−cn q−m¡ ®k,

 HC l²m¢V Hhp¤m¤V Ll¡ q−m¡z

q¢hN−”l ¢h‘ e¡l£-J-¢nö ¢ekÑ¡ae cje VÊ¡Ch¤e¡m ew 2 LaѪL e¡l£-

J-¢nö ¢ekÑ¡ae cje j¡jm¡ ew 1331/2018, Q¥e¡lO¡V f¤¢mn ®ØVne j¡jm¡

ew 16, a¡¢lM 21.07.2006, L−lØf¢äw ¢S|Bl| ew 1 4/2006, e¡l£-J-

¢nö ¢ekÑ¡ae cje BCe 2000 (2003 pw−n¡¢da) 9(1) d¡l¡, 20.01.2021

a¡¢l®Ml l¡u lc J l¢qa Ll¡ q−m¡z

 1-4 ü¡r£l B−m¡−L A¢ik¤J² L¡R¤j Bm£l ¢hl²−Ü B¢ea A¢i−k¡N p−¾cq¡a£ai¡−h fËj¡¢ea qJu¡u e¡l£ J ¢nö ¢ekÑ¡ae cje BC−el 9(1)

d¡l¡u a¡−L ®c¡o£p¡hÉÙ¹ Ll¡ q−m¡ Hhw a¡−L pnËj k¡hS£he L¡l¡c−ä c¢äa

Ll¡ q−m¡ Hhw A¢a¢lJ² 1 mr V¡L¡ AbÑ c−ä c¢äa Ll¡ q−m¡, k¡' ¢iL¢Vj

fË¡fÉ q−hz Ae¡c¡u 6 j¡p L¡l¡−i¡N Ll¡l SeÉ B−cn ®cJu¡ q−m¡ Hhw

Bp¡j£−L pw¢nÔø VÊ¡Ch¤e¡−m BaÈpj¡fÑ−el ¢e−cÑn fËc¡e Ll¡ q−m¡z

B−l¡ B−cn qu ®k, e¡l£ J ¢nö ¢ekÑ¡ae cje BC−el 13 d¡l¡ ®j¡a¡−hL d¢oÑa¡l BS£he ilZ-®f¡o−Zl c¡u-c¡¢uaÄ doÑ−Ll Efl haÑ¡−hz

a¡−cl p¿¹¡−el ilZ-®f¡o−Zl c¡¢uaÄ hÉ¡u l¡øÊ hqe L¢l−h ¢hd¡u 13(1)(N) d¡l¡u ¢hd¡e L¡kÑÉLl Ll¡l ¢e¢j−š HC l¡u J B−c−nl HL¢V Ae¤¢m¢f, pw¢nÔø ®Sm¡l ®Sm¡ fËn¡pL hl¡h−l ®fËlZ Ll¡ ®q¡Lz ¢a¢e

HC ¢ho−u 13(2) d¡l¡u fË−cu A−bÑl f¢lj¡e ¢edÑ¡lZ L¢l−he Hhw ®p¢V

fËc¡−el kb¡ka ¢e−cÑn ¢c−he J a¡' h¡Ù¹h¡u−e kb¡ka fc−rf ¢e−hez

fË−u¡S−e ¢a¢e Aœ A¡c¡m−al p¡q¡kÉ ¢e−hez

I p¿¹¡e¢V a¡l j¡−ul ¢eLV h¡ j¡a«L¤−ml BaÈ£−ul ¢eLV b¡L−a

f¡−lz

Aœ B−c−nl Ae¤¢m¢fpq ¢ejÀ A¡c¡m−al e¢b A¢apaÄl pwø ¢n Ô Bc¡m−a ®fËle Ll¡ ®q¡Lz

Afl Ae¤¢m¢f pw¢nÔø ®Sm¡ fËn¡pL hl¡h−l ®fËlZ Ll¡ ®q¡Lz

¢hQ¡lf¢a g¡q¢jc¡ L¡−clz

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